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Wir immer alles reibungslos

Wir immer alles reibungslos. Dank an das Team von Dagen. Nett, kompetent und preislich auch top.

Datum der Erfahrung : 22. Juni 2024

Antwort von Yachtcharter Dagen

Hallo Peter, danke für das tolle Feedback. Weiterhin viel Vorfreude 😊👌

So macht Chartern Spass!

Es war das zweite Mal, dass wir eine Yacht via Yachtcharter Dagen gechartert haben. Die Abwicklung, um den Chartervertrag abzuwickeln (mit Dagen) klappte sehr gut. Die Charterfirma vor Ort war ausgesprochen gut. So macht Chartern Spass!

Datum der Erfahrung : 15. Juni 2024

Vielen Dank für Ihre positive Rückmeldung! Es freut uns sehr zu hören, dass Sie erneut eine gute Erfahrung mit uns gemacht haben. Ihre Zufriedenheit bei der Abwicklung des Chartervertrags und der Zusammenarbeit mit der Charterfirma vor Ort ist uns besonders wichtig. Wir freuen uns darauf, Ihnen auch in Zukunft unvergessliche Chartererlebnisse zu ermöglichen. So macht Chartern wirklich Spaß :) ! Ihr Yachtcharter Dagen Team

Seit vielen Jahren zufrieden

Ich bin seit vielen Jahren Kunde und immer rundum zufrieden. Dagen vermittelt in der Regel perfekt ausgestattete und gewartete Schiffe seriöser Anbieter. Sollte es doch einmal zu einem Problem kommen wird umgehend reagiert, auch und gerade im Ausland, und für Abhilfe gesorgt. Die Mitarbeiterinnen und auch Herr Dagen selbst sind immer erreichbar, freundlich, hilfsbereit und kompetent. Schade dass nur 5 Punkte möglich sind!

Datum der Erfahrung : 14. März 2024

Perfekter Service

Herr Dagen, sowie sein komplettes Team sind sehr hilfsbereit. Sämtliche Fragen wurden schnell und kompetent beantwortet. Das Schiff entsprach genau der Beschreibung und der Vercharterer vor Ort war ebenfalls sehr nett und kompetent. Sicherheitshinweise, Kontrolle vor und nach der Fahrt liefen problemlos. Wir freuen uns auf unseren nächsten Urlaubstörn und werden diesen wieder bei Dagen Yachting buchen. Lg Peter Wildberger

Datum der Erfahrung : 27. Mai 2023

seriöser Anbieter, beste Erfahrungen

wir buchen jetzt schon seit Jahren bei Yachtcharter Dagen und sind noch nie enttäuscht worden. Angefangen von den Vercharterern über die empfohlenen Boote, alles hat reibungslos geklappt, wir waren immer vollkommen zufrieden

Datum der Erfahrung : 29. Februar 2024

Wir haben wiederholt bei Yachtcharter…

Wir haben wiederholt bei Yachtcharter Dagen gebucht, es gab buchungs- und angebotstechnisch wie immer keinerlei Beanstandungen, die Mitarbeiter sind freundlich und kompetent. Leider war unser Boot im Vorfeld von Dream Yacht Charter an die Medsailor verchartert worden. Das Boot aus 2018 mit wenigen Meilen war an vielen Stellen (Gfk, Inneneinrichtung u.v.m.) beschädigt. Die Endreinigung war bei der Übernahme mangelhaft. Nach 1 Tag haben wir die Bilge auswaschen müssen, da sich dort eine stinkende gelbliche Brühe angesammelt hatte.

Datum der Erfahrung : 15. September 2018

First Class Sailing - absolut top

Ich habe im August / September 2021 über Yachtcharter Dagen für 3 Wochen eine Segelyacht ab/bis Pula/Kroatien gechartert. Herr Dagen hatte mir die Firma First Class Sailing empfohlen, weil ich großen Wert auf Qualität, Seriosität und Zuverlässigkeit lege. Das Schiff (Bav.46, 2015) und die Abwicklung vor Ort waren so ziemlich das beste, was ich in 20 Jahren am Mittelmeer erlebt habe. Den Vercharterer First Class Sailing und das Team um den Base Manager Mile in Pula Veruda kann ich in jeder Hinsicht nur empfehlen.

Datum der Erfahrung : 13. September 2021

Flexibel und unkompliziert

Sehr nettes, freundliches und vor allem flexibles Team, wir haben schon mehrere Törns/Yachten gebucht, die Coronabedingt, mehrmals verschoben werden mussten, dies lief alles absolut reibungslos und unkompliziert! So macht segeln Spaß!! Liebe Grüße, Georg Gärtner

Datum der Erfahrung : 07. Januar 2022

Für unseren Elba Törn haben wir über …

Für unseren Elba Törn haben wir über Dagen eine neue 36ft Yacht gechartert, in Marina di Scarlino. Sowohl der vorbereitende Service mit Reservierung und Schriftverkehr wie auch die Betreuung vor Ort waren ausgezeichnet. Übergabe, Einweisung und Rückgabe waren unkompliziert. Vielen Dank, es hat der ganzen Crew großen Spaß gemacht.

Datum der Erfahrung : 27. Juni 2017

Sehr guter Service und reibungslose…

Sehr guter Service und reibungslose schnelle Abwicklung. Herr Dagen ist sehr hilfsbereit und steht jederzeit als kompetenter Ansprechpartner zur Verfügung. Uneingeschränkte Weiterempfehlung. Dies war bereits unsere 3. Buchung mit Yachtcharter Dagen. Wir freuen uns bereits auf die nächsten Segeltörns in Kooperation mit Herrn Dagen und bedanken uns für den guten Service. C. Reinhold

Datum der Erfahrung : 12. September 2018

Excellente Betretung von Dagen…

Excellente Betretung von Dagen Yachting!!!!!!!!! Perfekte Ausgangsposition für kurze (1 -2 Wochen ) Segel törn !! Yacht in bestem Zustand , -Technik ,Komfort ,Sauberkeit ,Ausstattung ,-alles !!!! Unkomplizierte Übergabe-Übernahme!!! Äußerst freundliche Personal vor Ort ( Golf Julien ) !!!!! Wir werden ab jetzt immer mit Dagen Yachting zusammen arbeiten -zuverlässigste Charter mit ehrlicher Beratung und guten Tipps!! Wir hatten große Vergnügung.Danke und bis bald!!

Datum der Erfahrung : 23. Mai 2018

Habe erstmals über diese Agentur …

Habe erstmals über diese Agentur gechartert, eine Woche Kroatien. Die Beratung war sehr gut, die Vertragsabwicklung war völlig problemlos. Das Schiff hatte bei Übernahme kleinere Mängel an der Inneneinrichtung, die aber nach Reklamation schnell behoben wurden. Die entscheidenden Komponenten, Motor, Rigg, Segel, Ruderanlage, etc. waren in sehr gutem Zustand. Bei einer kleinen von uns verursachten Beschädigung war der Vercharterer kulant.

Perfekte Organisation

Perfekte Organisation, alles wie man es sich wünscht. Navigator Yachting in Primosten vor Ort war unglaublich hilfsbereit und nett, sowohl bei der Übernahme, als auch bei der Übergabe. Ein toller Broker, ein toller Vercharterer und somit ein toller Segeltörn. Gerne wieder mit Yachtcharter Dagen.

Datum der Erfahrung : 17. August 2018

Yachtcharter Dagen ist Top

Yachtcharter Dagen ist Top, gerne wieder !!! Dream Yacht Charter in Seget kann ich aber nicht empfehlen ! Wir hatten 2 neue Yachten ( Bj 2018) gechartert, die beide in einem sehr schlechten Zustand waren! Leider war auch die Qualität der Endreinigung mangelhaft ! Die DYC arbeitet sehr stark mit MedSailors zusammen, dementsprechend werden die "Party-Boote" von Crew und Skipper beansprucht und das Ergebnis bei einer neuen Yacht nach nur 4 Monaten ist einfach nur traurig ! Werde bei meinen Neubuchungen diese Erfahrung berücksichtigen!

Mit der Arbeit ihres Unternehmens sind…

Mit der Arbeit ihres Unternehmens sind wir sehr zu frieden. Allerdings waren wir über die Leistungen der Charterbasis in Porto Colom enttäuscht. So haben wir während des Törns bemerkt, dass das Bugstrahlruder nur noch eingeschränkt funktioniert, ein Anruf der Notfallnummer brachte keinen Erfolg, der nur mäßig englisch sprechende Gesprächspartner gab die Information nicht weiter und ein Rückruf eines kompetenten Mitarbeiters blieb aus. Auch gegen Ende des Törns und Rückgabe des Schiffs wurde das Problem des Bugstrahlruder nicht thematisiert, nur auf unser Drängen wurde die Funktion nachhaltig geprüft. Im Übrigen wurden wir nach Rückkehr in keinster Weise interessiert begrüßt- ein wirklich peinlicher Auftritt. Gruß Bernd Ahrensmeyer

Seit 2014 mehr als zufrieden

Seit 2014, und damit seit dem ersten mal, Stammkunde bei Dagen Yachtcharter. Wieso sollte man auch wechseln, wenn es nie den geringsten Grund dafür gegeben hat. Ich wurde vom Team immer gut beraten und habe alle Informationen, die bestimmt auch mal ausergewöhnlich waren aber für mich als Skipper immer wichtig sind, erhalten. Gerade in diesem Coronajahr hat es sich für mich wieder bestätigt, wie gut man beim Team um Herrn Dagen aufgehoben ist. Nochmal viel Dank dafür

Datum der Erfahrung : 13. Oktober 2020

Die Abwicklung mit Yates Mallorca war…

Die Abwicklung mit Yates Mallorca war kompetent und freundlich, gutes Team vor Ort, auch im Büro. Das Schiff Bavaria 41 Cruiser Bj. 2016 war grundsätzlich in Ordnung. Wir hätten uns statt eines Rollgroß lieber ein Groß mit Rutschern gewünscht. Sonst war das Schiff erstaunlich gut beim Equipment - Zubehör ausgestattet. Wetter war nicht optimal, das ist jedoch kein Bewertungsthema. Auch die Abwicklung mit Dagen Yachtcharter war empfehlenswert. An dieser Stelle ein besonderes Danke Schön an Fa. Dagen, wir kommen sicher wieder, freundlichen Gruß, die ganze Crew

Datum der Erfahrung : 29. Juni 2018

Törn Juni 2018 von Zadar 10 Tage

Seit 4 Jahren buche ich nun schon regelmäßig 1-2 Mal im Jahr über Yachtcharter Dagen. Für die Organisation, die Erreichbarkeit und auch für die aktiven Unterstützung bei Sonderwünschen kann ich nur ein 'Hervorragend' vergeben. Mein Vertrauen wurde nie enttäuscht. Die Schiffe waren bis jetzt aller super in Ordnung, allerdings auch nie älter als 4 Jahre. Alle Charterbasen waren freundlich, zuvorkommend und auch sehr hilfsbereit. Beispielsweise hat ein Crewmitglied seine Ausweise 2 Tage vor Abflug verloren. Hier stand man mit Rat un Tat zur Seite, um Ersatzdokumente zu bekommen. Insofern muss man auch hier sagen, arbeitet Yachtcharter Dagen mit guten Basen zusammen. Mein nächster Törn ist bereits für September 2018 gebucht. Und wer jetzt fragt, beim wem, der sollte diese Bewertung noch einmal lesen. ;-)

Datum der Erfahrung : 14. Juli 2018

Seit Jahren ein guter Partner

Seit Jahren buchen wir unsere Charteryachten über die Agentur Dagen. Freundliche und sehr hilfsbereite Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen standen uns immer kompentent zur Seite. Es ist schön, wenn man das gegenseitige Vertrauen schätzt. Von Dagen wurden wir noch nie enttäuscht.

Uneingeschränkt zu empfehlen!

Seit jeher buche ich meine Segeltörns über Yachtcharter Dagen und bin vollends zufrieden. Ein tolles Team und ein fantastischer Service. Vor, während und nach dem Törn erfährt man eine hervorragende Unterstützung. Meine uneingeschränkte Empfehlung!

Datum der Erfahrung : 10. Juni 2021

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Reiseberichte & Yachtreviere von Yachtcharter-Dagen.de - Segelboote, Segelyachten, Motoryachten & Katamarane

Dagen's segelportal, yachtcharter dagen, segelboote, segelyachten, motoryachten & alles was das segelherz begehrt gibt es auf yachtcharter-dagen.de . hier im segelportal finden sie zahlreiche hafen- und yachtempfehlungen sowie reiseberichte von regelmäßigen skippern und seglern..

Guten Tag! Ich wollte mich noch einmal bei Ihnen bedanken das für die tolle Organisation bei unserem letzten Törn von Trogir. Es hat alles wunderbar funktioniert, die Firma Waypoint und der Stützpunktleiter Milan waren äußerst höfflich und sind sehr professionell im Umgang mit den Booten. Der technische Zustand und die Sauberkeit waren hervorragend. Frohnwieser Markus 12.10.2016

Nach dem Urlaub ist vor dem Urlaub… Vielen Dank noch einmal an Sie und Ihr Team, es hat alles wunderbar geklappt und wir haben sehr schöne 3 Segelwochen verbracht. Lob auch an die Mannschaft von Kiriacoulis für den unkomplizierten und kompetenten Service, ebenso übrigens auch der völlig problemlose Umgang mit unserem Bootshund, technisch war die Yacht in einem guten Zustand. Sie merken also, wir sind sehr zufrieden und freuen uns schon wieder auf das kommende Jahr. Jürgen M. und Crew

Hallo Herr Dagen, wir hatten eine wunderschöne Segelwoche und ich bedanke mich nochmals bei Ihnen für Ihre Bemühungen bei der Suche nach einem passenden Schiff und die perfekte Abwicklung in Ihrem Haus. Die Crew von Navigare in der Marina Trogir/Seget macht einen super Job, ist sehr freundlich und es hat alles reibungslos geklappt. Gerne komme ich bei der Törnplanung nächstes Jahr wieder auf Sie zurück. Jochen Leerhoff

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Thrustfull yachtcharterer for Croatia

Thrustfull yachtcharterer for Croatia. Correct information about state and quality of the available sailing vessels. Good advice and service!

Date of experience : August 18, 2018

Great service!

Date of experience : August 19, 2018

Service is very good!!!!

Date of experience : August 11, 2017

nationalism essay 200 words

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Nationalism Essay | Essay on Nationalism for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Nationalism Essay: Nationalism is a term that has been used frequently nowadays by media outlets, politicians, journalists and the common man. It is disappointing to say that the term and the meaning for nationalism have been taken out of context and misunderstood by certain sections of society that has led to showing nationalists in negative limelight. In this nationalism essay, we shall be talking about what nationalism is, how important it is for a country to survive and certain examples of what has happened with aggressive nationalistic countries.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Nationalism for Students and kids in English

In this article, you can find a 600-word nationalism essay and also a brief 200-word nationalism essay for school students and children. These essays can be used by students of class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Long Essay on Nationalism 600 Words in English

Nationalism Essay is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

A country is run by its people. And to maintain unity in diversity for the country, there should be a sense of belonging inculcated amongst the citizens towards their country, and nationalism does exactly that. There is no one particular definition of nationalism, but the popular discourse is that nationalism is an ideology or set of beliefs that the people of the country follow to promote the interest of the nation above anything else. Usually, nationalism and patriotism are used as synonyms.

While both the terms help in developing a sense of love towards the nation, they both are fundamentally different. Nationalism is about the interest of the country, from economic development to cultural and social status, but patriotism, on the other hand, is more towards the love and affection for the country in terms of military power and defensive capabilities. While there is no prescribed definition for both the terms, the context with which nationalism and patriotism are used is quite different.

On the other hand, aggressive nationalism, usually called as jingoism, defeats the whole purpose of nationalistic feelings. Jingoism is less about developing a sense of belonging towards the nation among its citizens, but more about war-mongering and propagating hate towards enemy countries. Aggressive nationalism does not entertain critics and dissent. It is a one-sided sentiment, which does not, and more importantly, should not have a place in a democratic and a secular country.

Nationalism is at the core of Indian values and the democratic and the secular fabric of the nation. Indian freedom fighters who fought the mighty Britsh for more than 100 years were nationalistic and patriotic in nature. Nationalism is at the heart of India and its independence movement. It was because of nationalism that India could snatch freedom from the British and finally gain independence on August 15th, 1947. But the nationalism that existed during the freedom movement is quite different from the nationalism that we are witnessing in the 21st century.

The nationalism during the early 19th century was about gaining independence from the British. Nationalism then didn’t divide Indians into any lines. It developed a true sense of patriotism amongst the people and motivated them to come out on the streets and fight against the British’s atrocities on Indian soil. But the nationalism that we witness now is different from the previous one and not is a good way. Nationalism, due to misunderstanding by certain sections of the population, has made it a synonym for hate-mongering and communism. Nationalism now is being compared with religious and ethnic sentiments of people.

Nationalism has absolutely nothing to do with culture, religion or ethnicity of the people. Unfortunately, nationalism, instead of developing a sense of belonging in the people, has developed fear in the crowds, especially for the ones with dissenting and critical voices.

Nationalism has been turned into a tool and litmus test for people’ patriotism. This form of nationalism is sowing seeds for diving the country on ethnic and religious lines. Such type of nationalism, which create hate and animosity amongst the people against the ruling dispensation can no more be called nationalism. Its pure jingoism, which is harmful to the unit of the country.

Elections are fought in many counties in the name of nationalism. Leaders like Donald Trump, Vladamir Putin and Narendra Modi are proud nationalists who have propagated nationalistic feeling amongst the people to win their support. While this is good for the nation, but it is the responsibility of these leaders to make sure that nationalism is not turned into jingoism.

Short Essay on Nationalism 200 Words in English

Nationalism Essay is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

You can find below a short nationalism essay in English with a word limit of 200. This can be used by students and schoolchildren for essay writing, test, assignment, project works and examination.

The terms nationalism refers to an ideology that the leaders of the country propagate to the masses that helps them develop a sense of belonging and unity in the country. The Russian revolution, the American Revolution, the French revolution, the Indian independence movement and many other historic events in the world could take place only because of nationalism among the people. While nationalism is different from patriotism, both help is developing love and unity in the country.

The tallest leaders in India such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallebhai Patel or Indira Gandhi were all nationalist leaders who put their country first and everything else was of secondary and tertiary priorities. The nationalism was shown in its pure sense all throughout the 19th century. But the terms nationalism was understood differently by the people at the turn of the country.

Nationalism Essay Conclusion

In the 20th century, the feeling of nationalism of the people of the country was taken advantage of and used to win elections and spread hate and animosity among certain sections of people. Nationalists of India need not necessarily hate people from Pakistan. Loving one’s own country does not mean he or she should hate another country. This misunderstanding has led to a widespread war mongering situation, not just in India but elsewhere in the world as well.

This form of hate-mongering and the aggressive nationalism is referred to as jingoism. Jingoist in the USA hate Russians and vice-versa. The same things hold true of jingoist in India and Pakitan. People should understand the difference between nationalism and jingoism and spread love and positivity in the world. One thing we should remember is, we are all humans before being Indians or Americans.

10 Lines on Nationalism Essay in English

• Nationalism is an ideology and a movement in a country that helps in uniting its people.
• The purpose of nationalism is to develop a sense of belonging for the people in the country towards their nation.
• Nationalism unites people across different languages, gender, religion, cultures or ethnicity.
• Indian freedom movement against the Britsh Raj was fought because of strong nationalistic sentiments.
• Events like the American revolution and the french revolution took place because of nationalism.
• Both patriotism and nationalism helps in uniting people.
• Dissent and debates are a part of a healthy democracy.
• Aggressive nationalism which tends to propagate hate and warmongering between countries is called as jingoism.
• While nationalism is good for the country, jingoism can prove to be a disaster for the country.
• Leaders should inculcate nationalistic and patriotic feelings amongst the citizens to keep the country united.

FAQ’s on Nationalism Essay

Question 1. What are the two types of nationalism?

Answer: There are two types of nationalism, left-wing nationalism and right-wing nationalism

Question 2. Is nationalism good for a country?

Answer: Yes, nationalism unites people of the country

Question 3. Who is the father of Indian nationalism?

Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak is known as the father of Indian nationalism

Question 4. What is jingoism?

Answer: Aggressive nationalism that harms the people of the county is called jingoism

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Nationalism Essay for Students and Children

400 words essay on nationalism.

First of all, Nationalism is the concept of loyalty towards a nation. In Nationalism, this sentiment of loyalty must be present in every citizen. This ideology certainly has been present in humanity since time immemorial. Above all, it’s a concept that unites the people of a nation. It is also characterized by love for one’s nation. Nationalism is probably the most important factor in international politics.

Why Nationalism Is Important?

Nationalism happens because of common factors. The people of a nation share these common factors. These common factors are common language, history , culture, traditions, mentality, and territory. Thus a sense of belonging would certainly come in people. It would inevitably happen, whether you like it or not. Therefore, a feeling of unity and love would happen among national citizens. In this way, Nationalism gives strength to the people of the nation.

Nationalism has an inverse relationship with crime. It seems like crime rates are significantly lower in countries with strong Nationalism. This happens because Nationalism puts feelings of love towards fellow countrymen. Therefore, many people avoid committing a crime against their own countrymen. Similarly, corruption is also low in such countries. Individuals in whose heart is Nationalism, avoid corruption . This is because they feel guilty to harm their country.

Nationalism certainly increases the resolve of a nation to defend itself. There probably is a huge support for strengthening the military among nationalistic people. A strong military is certainly the best way of defending against foreign enemies. Countries with low Nationalism, probably don’t invest heavily in the military. This is because people with low Nationalism don’t favor strong militaries . Hence, these countries which don’t take Nationalism seriously are vulnerable.

Nationalism encourages environmental protection as well. People with high national pride would feel ashamed to pollute their nation. Therefore, such people would intentionally work for environment protection even without rules. In contrast, an individual with low Nationalism would throw garbage carelessly.

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Contemporary Nationalism

Nationalism took an ugly turn in the 20th century with the emergence of Fascism and Nazism. However, that was a negative side of Nationalism. Since then, many nations gave up the idea of aggressive Nationalism. This certainly did not mean that Nationalism in contemporary times got weak. People saw strong Nationalism in the United States and former USSR. There was a merger of Nationalism with economic ideologies like Capitalism and Socialism.

In the 21st century, there has been no shortage of Nationalism. The popular election of Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin is proof. Both these leaders strongly propagate Nationalism. Similarly, the election victory of other nationalistic leaders is more evidence.

Nationalism is a strong force in the world that is here to say. Nationalism has a negative side. However, this negative side certainly cannot undermine the significance of Nationalism. Without Nationalism, there would have been no advancement of Human Civilization.

500 Words Essay on Nationalism

Nationalism is an ideology which shows an individual’s love & devotion towards his nation.  It is actually people’s feelings for their nation as superior to all other nations. The concept of nationalism in India developed at the time of the Independence movement. This was the phase when people from all the areas/caste/religion etc collectively fought against British Raj for independence. Hence nationalism can be called as collective devotion of all the nationals towards their country.

Introduction of Nationalism in India:

The first world war (1919) had far-reaching consequences on the entire world. After the first world war, some major movements broke out in India like Satyagrah & Non-co-operation movement. This has sown the seeds of nationalism in Indians.  This era developed new social groups along with new modes of struggle. The major events like Jalianwala Bagh massacre & Khilafat movement had a strong impact on the people of India.

Thus, their collective struggle against colonialism brought them together and they have collectively developed a strong feeling of responsibility, accountability, love, and devotion for their country. This collective feeling of the Indian people was the start of the development of Nationalism.  Foundation of Indian National Congress in 1885 was the first organized expression of nationalism in India.

Basis of Rising of Nationalism in India

There could be several basis of rising of nationalism in India:

• The Britishers came to India as traders but slowly became rulers and started neglecting the interests of the Indians. This led to the feeling of oneness amongst Indians and hence slowly led to nationalism.
• India developed as a unified country in the 19 th & 20 th century due to well-structured governance system of Britishers. This has led to interlinking of the economic life of people, and hence nationalism.
• The spread of western education, especially the English language amongst educated Indians have helped the knowledgeable population of different linguistic origin to interact on a common platform and hence share their nationalist opinions.
• The researches by Indian and European scholars led to the rediscovery of the Indian past. The Indian scholars like Swami Vivekanand & European scholars like Max Mueller had done historical researched & had glorified India’s past in such a manner that Indian peoples developed a strong sense of nationalism & patriotism.
• The emergence of the press in the 19 th century has helped in the mobilization of people’s opinion thereby giving them a common platform to interact for independence motion and also to promote nationalism.
• Various reforms and social movements had helped Indian society to remove the social evils which were withholding the societal development and hence led to rejoining of society.
• The development of well-led railway network in India was a major boost in the transportation sector. Hence making it easy for the Indian population to connect with each other.
• The international events like the French revolution, Unification of Italy & Germany, etc.have  awakened the feelings of national consciousness amongst Indian people.

Though a lot of factors had led to rising of nationalism in India, the major role was played by First world war, Rowlatt act and Jaliawala bagh massacre. These major incidences have had a deep-down impact on the mind of Indians. These motivated them to fight against Britishers with a  strong feeling of Nationalism.  This feeling of nationalism was the main driving force for the independence struggle in India.

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Essay on Nationalism

Introduction to Nationalism

Nationalism, a concept deeply ingrained in human history, manifests as a powerful force shaping the identities and aspirations of individuals and communities. At its core, nationalism refers to the sentiment of loyalty and devotion to one’s nation, often accompanied by a sense of pride in its cultural heritage, history, and achievements. Throughout history, nationalism has played a pivotal role in driving social, political, and economic change, from the rise of nation-states in Europe to anti-colonial movements across the globe. One notable example is the Indian independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi , which galvanized millions to fight against British colonial rule, ultimately leading to the birth of modern India. This essay delves into the multifaceted nature of nationalism, exploring its historical roots, key concepts, contemporary manifestations, and societal implications.

Historical Roots of Nationalism

• Emergence in the West : Nationalism as a political ideology began to take shape in Europe during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was a response to social, economic, and political changes, including the decline of feudalism and the rise of the modern nation-state.
• French Revolution : The French Revolution (1789-1799) was crucial in developing nationalism. Liberty, equality, and fraternity principles sparked nationalist movements in Europe, emphasizing the need for a unified nation-state based on a shared cultural, linguistic, or historical heritage.
• Impact of Romanticism : The Romantic movement, which flourished in the 19th century, also contributed to the rise of nationalism. Romanticism emphasized the importance of emotion, individuality, and national identity, fueling nationalist sentiments among various ethnic groups.
• Revival of Vernacular Languages : The revival of vernacular languages and literature also fueled nationalism, promoting a shared cultural identity among people who spoke the same language.
• Role of Cultural and Intellectual Movements : Intellectual movements such as the Enlightenment and the Reformation shaped nationalist ideas by emphasizing the importance of individual rights and freedoms , often linked to national identity.
• Formation of Nation-States : Nationalism was instrumental in forming modern nation-states in Europe. As people began to identify more with their national communities, traditional feudal or religious authorities became less significant.

Key Concept

• Patriotism vs. Nationalism : While patriotism refers to love and loyalty towards one’s country, nationalism extends this to include a belief in the superiority of one’s nation over others and a desire for it to be independent or sovereign.
• Civic Nationalism vs. Ethnic Nationalism : Civic nationalism emphasizes civic participation and loyalty to the state based on shared political beliefs and values, irrespective of one’s ethnic or cultural background. Ethnic nationalism, on the other hand, is rooted in shared ethnic, linguistic, or cultural heritage, which can lead to exclusionary attitudes towards those who do not share these characteristics, potentially causing harm and division.
• National Identity : National identity encompasses the shared sense of belonging, values, traditions, language , and history that define a nation and its people. It can be a unifying force and a source of division, especially in multicultural societies.
• Nationalism and Supranationalism : The relationship between nationalism and supranationalism is not always harmonious. Nationalism, focusing on the nation’s independence and sovereignty, can clash with supranationalism, which advocates for political cooperation and integration between nations. This tension is particularly evident in debates over sovereignty and the role of international institutions like the European Union, highlighting the complexity of these concepts.
• Modernization and Nationalism : Modernization theories suggest that nationalism often emerges or intensifies as societies undergo economic, social, and political modernization. The rise of nationalist movements in formerly colonized countries seeking independence and self-determination reflects this.
• Nationalism and Globalization : Globalization has increased interconnectedness and blurred national boundaries, challenging traditional notions of nationalism. However, it has also sparked a resurgence of nationalism in some regions, as people seek to protect their cultural identity and sovereignty in the face of globalization’s homogenizing effects.

Positive and Negative Aspects

Nationalism in Contemporary Society

In our modern society, we cannot overstate the influence of nationalism in shaping political, social, and cultural landscapes. Let’s delve into some of the critical aspects of nationalism in the world today:

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• Political Movements : Nationalism remains a potent political force, with nationalist parties and leaders gaining prominence in many countries. These movements often emphasize issues such as sovereignty, immigration, and national identity, appealing to citizens who feel marginalized or disenchanted with globalization.
• Identity Politics : Nationalism intersects with identity politics, as individuals and groups assert their national identity through empowerment and recognition. This can lead to tensions between different ethnic, cultural, and religious communities within a nation as they vie for recognition and representation.
• Nationalism and Migration : Nationalism often influences attitudes towards immigration and multiculturalism. Some nationalist movements advocate for stricter immigration policies and the preservation of cultural homogeneity, while others embrace diversity and advocate for inclusive citizenship based on civic rather than ethnic criteria.
• Nationalism and International Relations : Nationalism shapes international relations, influencing states’ foreign policies and interactions. Nationalist rhetoric can exacerbate tensions between nations, leading to conflicts over territory, resources, or ideological differences. Conversely, nationalism fosters cooperation and solidarity among nations with shared cultural or historical ties.
• Cultural Expression : Nationalism influences cultural expression, with artists, writers, and intellectuals often drawing on national symbols, myths, and traditions to assert their cultural identity and resist external influences. However, nationalist cultural movements can sometimes lead to exclusionary or ethnocentric attitudes towards minority cultures.
• Digital Nationalism : The rise of digital technology has facilitated the spread of nationalist ideologies through social media platforms and online communities. Digital nationalism encompasses various forms of online activism, from patriotic content sharing to cyber warfare and disinformation campaigns to advance nationalist agendas.
• Challenges and Controversies : While nationalism can foster a sense of pride and solidarity, it also raises ethical and moral questions, particularly regarding the treatment of minority groups and the potential for exclusion and discrimination. Balancing the promotion of national identity with respect for diversity and human rights remains a complex challenge in contemporary society.

Nationalism vs. Globalism

Case Studies

• Brexit and European Union : The decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, known as Brexit , highlights the conflict between nationalism and supranationalism. Brexit was driven by nationalist sentiments, with proponents arguing for greater national sovereignty and control over borders. However, it also raised concerns about the economic and political implications of breaking away from a supranational entity that promoted cooperation and integration.
• Catalan Independence Movement : The push for Catalan independence in Spain highlights the complexities of nationalism within a diverse country. Catalan nationalists argue for their right to self-determination and cultural identity, challenging the unity of the Spanish nation-state. The movement has sparked debates over the nature of nationalism, minority rights, and the boundaries of statehood.
• Rise of Populist Nationalism in Europe : The rise of populist nationalist movements in countries like Hungary, Poland, and Italy reflects a broader trend in Europe. These movements often advocate for anti-immigrant policies, Euroscepticism, and a focus on national sovereignty. They have raised concerns about the future of the European Union and the rise of nationalist sentiments across the continent.
• Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar : Nationalist rhetoric, particularly from hardline Buddhist nationalist groups, has fueled the persecution of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar. This case highlights how nationalism can justify discrimination and violence against minority groups, leading to humanitarian crises and international condemnation.
• Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is deeply rooted in nationalist aspirations. Both sides lay claim to the same land based on historical and cultural narratives. The conflict underscores the challenges of reconciling competing nationalist aspirations and the complexities of national identity in a region marked by centuries of shared and contested history.
• Indian Nationalism and Kashmir : The region of Kashmir has been a longstanding point of contention between India and Pakistan, with both countries claiming it as part of their territory. Indian nationalism has played a significant role in the government’s approach to the Kashmir conflict, leading to tensions with Pakistan and internal challenges related to autonomy and self-determination.
• Scottish Independence Referendum : The debate over nationalism within the United Kingdom was brought to light by the Scottish Independence Referendum of 2014. While the majority voted to remain part of the UK, the referendum sparked discussions about Scottish identity, national autonomy, and the future of the UK’s political structure.

Controversies Surrounding Nationalism

While nationalism often celebrates its role in fostering national identity and unity, it is also a deeply controversial ideology that has sparked numerous debates and conflicts throughout history. Several key controversies surround nationalism, highlighting its complex and multifaceted nature.

• Nationalism vs. Patriotism: One of the primary controversies surrounding nationalism is its distinction from patriotism. While patriotism is often seen as a positive and benign love for one’s country, nationalism can sometimes veer into more extreme and exclusionary forms, leading to xenophobia and aggressive nationalism.
• Ethical and Moral Implications: Nationalism raises ethical questions regarding the treatment of minority groups within a nation. The emphasis on a unified national identity can sometimes lead to the marginalization or oppression of minority cultures, languages, and traditions.
• Nationalism in the Age of Multiculturalism: In modern multicultural societies, nationalism can challenge inclusive, diverse communities. Critics argue that nationalism prioritizes the interests of the dominant cultural group, potentially marginalizing minority cultures.
• Nationalism and Conflict: Nationalism has been implicated in numerous conflicts throughout history, as competing nationalist aspirations have led to tensions and wars between nations. Critics argue that nationalism can exacerbate international rivalries and hinder diplomatic solutions to conflicts.
• Nationalism and Sovereignty: The concept of nationalism raises questions about the sovereignty of nations and the rights of nations to self-determination. Debates over nationalism often center around the balance between national sovereignty and international cooperation.
• Nationalism and Identity: Questions of identity at the individual and collective levels deeply intertwine with nationalism. Critics argue that nationalism can create a narrow and exclusionary sense of identity, leading to intolerance and discrimination.

Nationalism is a multifaceted ideology that has both positive and negative implications. While it can foster unity, promote cultural identity, and mobilize collective action, it also has the potential to breed exclusion, conflict, and discrimination. In today’s interconnected world, nationalism intersects with global challenges, multiculturalism, and historical legacies, shaping complex debates and controversies. It is essential to grasp these subtleties to manage the tensions between national pride and international collaboration, ethnic identity, and civic unity. Ultimately, the evolution of nationalism and its impact on society will continue to be a subject of critical inquiry and debate in the years to come.

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Essay on Nationalism in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Nationalism: India is a land of cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity. Nationalism is the only thread that binds the people together in the thread of oneness, despite their belonging to different cultural-ethnic backgrounds. It plays an important role in uniting all Indians from Kashmir to Kanyakumari.

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Students are supposed to write essays on nationalism in various examination and competitions. Here we are providing essays of varying words-length – 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 400 words – and they can take their pick as per their needs to articulate their sense of pride in the oneness of their vast, beautiful and strong nation.

Long and Short Nationalism Essay in English

Below we have provided short and long essay on nationalism in English. These essays have been written in simple English language to avoid any complications arising due to complex words and also to ensure that you easily get an insight on the subject.

These nationalism essay have been written covering all the vital facts on nationalism. After going through the essays you will understand the meaning of nationalism and its significance in protecting the freedom and integrity of India.

You can use these essays on your several school or college essay writing, debate competitions.

Also Check: Essay on India

Essay on Nationalism 100 words

Nationalism means the spirit of devotion to the nation, which must permeate the hearts and minds of every citizen of the country. This is the reason why national anthem is played in educational institutions, and now even in cinema halls before the start of the movies, and the curriculum is enriched with the life stories about the nation’s great sons, heroes and the freedom fighters.

Nationalism is the feeling which gives courage and strength to the soldiers to guard the borders of their country. If the citizens stand united despite being the followers of different religions, speaking different languages, and practicing diverse cultures of their regions, no internal or external threat can harm their country. India is a prominent example of this all-pervasive sense of nationalism that has always served the nation well.

Essay on Nationalism 150 words

Nationalism is a concept according to which the nation is considered to be supreme – deserving the highest priority. Nationalism is an ideology that promotes the shared identity of the citizens of any country. For a nation’s progress and prosperity, it is imperative that its citizens rise above their regional identities and strengthen the sense of pride in their nation.

There are many countries, including India which are culturally, religiously and linguistically diverse and in these countries the sense of nationalism helps achieve unity in diversity. For the development of India, it is imperative that its citizens work together despite being different in their thoughts and ideas and it can be made possible only through developing a sense of nationalism among them.

Indians have a deep sense of nationalism and this is the reason why they always stand untied when it comes to respecting and honouring their national flag, national anthem and national symbols, which all leads towards preservation of the unity and integrity of the country.

Also Check: Essay on Patriotism

Essay on Nationalism 200 words

Nationalism means rising about narrow identities of caste, religion and regions to feel a deep sense of pride in our nation. Lord Ram rightly told brother Lakshman after defeating Ravan that the famed golden city of Lanka hardly appeals to him as Janani janmabhoomischa swargadapi gariyasi (Mother and motherland are superior to heaven).

The idea of nationalism in India grew during the Independence movement. This was a time when people from all different areas, castes, religions, and so on joined together to fight against British rule for freedom. So, nationalism can be described as the shared love and loyalty of all citizens toward their country.

Our country does not practice any sense of discrimination to any citizen as they enjoy all rights and privileges. It is the duty of all of us to foster the unity and integrity of India by a sense of nationalism that transcends all barriers of region, religion and language.

It was this overriding spirit of nationalism that won India freedom from the British after years of hard struggle and innumerable sacrifices. At that time India was divided into several princely states but it stood as one nation in the struggle for freedom. We have to preserve and protect this freedom as even seven decades after independence; there are threats to national security and unity from the separatist and secessionist forces within and outside India. Only a deep-rooted feeling of nationalism can save India from any further division in the name of right to self-determination in Kashmir or insurgent movements in North-East India.

Essay on Nationalism 250 words

Nationalism means that we carry in our hearts, respect, love and gratitude for our motherland. Although this sense is bestowed on us naturally, but due to some external causes, or may be due to a little ignorance or vicious propaganda, there have been movements espousing anti-national feelings such as the ones witnessed in Kashmir or North-East India. But thanks to the unwavering sense of nationalism in its citizens, India has stood firm as one nation, foiling the designs of separatist forces.

Also Check: Essay on Importance of Patriotism

Putting the nation first

As a mother gives birth to her children and overpowers many obstacles to extend love and care on them, our nation also does the same for us. Just like a mother, our motherland also bears the pain while producing means of survival and nourishment for all of us. Scholars have said all the vegetation, rivers and other natural resources of the place where we take birth act as the greatest gifts to live a happy and peaceful existence. It is the affection and the sense of honour towards our motherland that makes us stand strongly in front of the other nations around the world.

In fact, a nation is born only when all citizens living in its boundary share a sense of oneness in cultural heritage and involvement with each other. It is this undiluted sense of nationalism that binds India in one thread from Kashmir to Kanyakumari. The feeling of nationalism has always prevailed over differences of cast, creed and religion in a vast country like India. Indians justifiably take pride in living in the largest democracy of the world, known for its values of peace, human brotherhood and collective progress.

Essay on Nationalism 300 words

The kind of love, affection and the blessings that a mother showers on her baby while nursing him is incomparable and the same is true with our motherland. Just like a mother who can never think of anything other than the betterment of her children, our nation also showers motherly love on us, without expecting anything in return from us. But it is imperative for every Indian to have a sense of pride and gratitude towards the nation, in other words, practice nationalism in words and deeds.

Also Check: Essay on Democracy in India

India is one nation, despite religious and regional diversity

Nationalism binds us all in a spirit of oneness, despite all of us having different customs, holding different beliefs, observing different festivals and speaking in different languages. It is the sense of nationalism that protects the nation against all threats and dangers to its unity and integrity. We can have our different identities as people living in culturally and linguistically distinct states, but stand together as one under one flag, national anthem and national emblem. We can take our place with pride among citizens of the world as proud and loyal citizens of the largest democracy of the world.

The importance of our motherland surpasses all other considerations of caste, creed, and religion. It is only through this deep sense of nationalism and patriotism that we can safeguard our freedom that we achieved after supreme sacrifices and sufferings by millions of sons and daughters of India. Let us never dilute the spirit of nationalism to repay our debts to our motherland.

There are some forces at work which want to weaken the country by spreading separatist feelings and cries for azadi (as witnessed in troubled parts of Kashmir and North-East India). It is unfortunate that some educational institutions in India were recently in the thick of anti-India sloganeering and protests with cries of tearing apart India rending the air. Only an unwavering sense of nationalism can save the country from falling a prey to the evil designs of anti-India forces.

Essay on Nationalism 400 words

A sense of attachment and dedication towards the country in which one resides is called nationalism. Nationalism is the only reason which keeps every citizen of a country united despite their differences on linguistic, ethnicity and cultural fronts.

Also Check: Essay on Fundamental Rights

Equating nation with mother

Not only in our country but in the entire world, the nation is commonly treated as mother, because as a mother does for her children a nation cares for its citizen and rears and support them with the help of various natural resources without which requirements and purpose of life cannot be completed. It has been observed that during the times of conflicts and war, common citizens of the nation also get united and support their soldiers and the government.

Nationalism binds people in one thread

Nationalism is a collective sense of idea, the power of which can be sensed through the reality that the people living in the country’s borders ignore their differences and give importance to the loyalty towards the nation. Even they do not hesitate to give supreme sacrifice for their nation if it becomes necessary for the survival of their nation. Only because of the sense of nationalism, the people of different part of a country who may be completely unknown to each other get united, develop consensus and also discuss together on the issues related to their nation and find a common solution.

Nationalism and Globalization

According to some scholars, the process of globalization has influenced the nationalist thinking up to a major extent and now because of it the sense of national borders as well as the nationalism no longer exit and it has become a challenge to be handled. They argue that globalization and technological progress, such as internet and mobile phones have together turned the world into a global village and thus there is no sense of nationalism as a core value. However, this interpretation of nationalism is immaterial.

Also Check: Essay on Social Media

For the progress of any nation it is important that its citizen keep alive the sense of nationalism within them. Observing keenly the importance of developing sense of nationalism and spirit of love for their country in their citizens, every government around the world essentially organize their national festivals in which honouring the national flag is an important activity. Overall, the progress of any nation largely depends on the sense of nationalism in their citizens which is an important feeling to bind all the citizens together despite them hailing from different religions, castes, or social strata.

Also Check: Essay on Freedom of Speech

Essay on Nationalism FAQs

What is nationalism in 150 words.

Nationalism is a strong love and loyalty towards one's own country. It involves a deep connection to the nation's history, culture, and a sense of pride in its achievements.

What is nationalism in short notes?

Nationalism is a deep affection and allegiance to one's own country, fostering a sense of unity and shared identity among its people.

What is nationalism in few words?

Nationalism is a strong love for and devotion to one's own nation, promoting a sense of belonging and pride among its citizens.

How do you write a nationalism essay?

To write a nationalism essay, start by defining nationalism, discuss its impact on society, and explore examples. Emphasize the positive aspects of fostering unity while acknowledging potential challenges.

What is the topic of nationalism?

The topic of nationalism revolves around the love, loyalty, and pride individuals feel for their own country. It explores how this sentiment shapes societies and influences global dynamics.

What are the 10 types of nationalism?

The 10 types of nationalism include civic nationalism, ethnic nationalism, cultural nationalism, religious nationalism, liberal nationalism, expansionist nationalism, anti-colonial nationalism, territorial nationalism, left-wing nationalism, and right-wing nationalism.

Is nationalism in India essay?

Yes, an essay on nationalism in India would discuss the strong sense of patriotism, unity in diversity, and the historical struggle for independence that shaped India's nationalistic identity.

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Paragraph on Nationalism in English (100, 150, 200, 250 Words)

Nationalism, rooted in deep loyalty to one’s nation, shapes societal identities and collective consciousness. It fosters pride in cultural heritage, driving unity and collective responsibility. However, its impact can vary, from fostering cooperation to fueling conflict, highlighting the complexities of navigating nationalism in contemporary global dynamics.

(Here, we’ve presented paragraphs in 100, 150, 200 & 250 word samples. All the paragraphs will be helpful for students of all classes i.e. Nursery, LKG, UKG & class 1 to class 12).

Paragraph on Nationalism in 100 Words

Nationalism is a deep love and pride for one’s country. It’s a feeling that binds people together under a shared identity. It can unite citizens, inspiring them to work towards common goals. Nationalism can also create a sense of belonging and loyalty to the nation. However, it sometimes leads to conflicts between different nations, fostering division rather than unity. Overall, nationalism plays a significant role in shaping societies and influencing their actions on both domestic and international levels.

Nationalism is the glue that holds a nation together. It’s the pride and devotion to one’s country, that drives citizens to contribute to its success. Nationalism fosters a sense of identity and unity among people, strengthening the bonds of community. However, excessive nationalism can lead to intolerance and conflict with other nations. It’s important to strike a balance, celebrating one’s heritage while respecting the diversity of others. Nationalism shapes cultures, politics, and societies, influencing decisions that impact the collective well-being of a nation.

Nationalism is the deep-rooted affection and loyalty towards one’s nation. It fuels a sense of belonging and unity among its people, inspiring collective action for the greater good. However, nationalism can also breed exclusivity and distrust of outsiders, leading to conflicts and tensions between nations. Understanding the complexities of nationalism is crucial, as it shapes not only individual identities but also international relations. While it can unite people under a common cause, it’s essential to promote inclusive nationalism that embraces diversity and fosters cooperation among nations for a peaceful and prosperous world.

Nationalism Paragraph in 150 Words

Nationalism, a potent force in shaping societies, embodies the deep-seated pride and loyalty individuals feel towards their nation. It fosters a sense of shared identity among citizens, promoting unity and collective action. This cohesive bond often catalyzes progress, as people work together towards common goals, driving advancements in various spheres of life.

However, nationalism’s impact extends beyond domestic affairs, often influencing international relations. While it can promote cooperation and mutual understanding between nations, it also has the potential to breed conflict and animosity. History bears witness to the consequences of extreme nationalism, which can lead to isolationism, xenophobia, and even warfare, disrupting global harmony and stability.

Despite its complexities and potential pitfalls, nationalism remains a potent force shaping the world’s political, social, and cultural landscapes. Recognizing its influence and harnessing its positive aspects while mitigating its negative consequences are essential steps towards fostering a more inclusive and harmonious global community.

Paragraph Writing on Nationalism in 200 Words

Nationalism, a profound sentiment of loyalty and devotion to one’s nation, serves as a cornerstone of societal cohesion and identity. It instills a sense of pride among citizens, fostering a collective consciousness that binds individuals together under a shared heritage. This collective identity often fuels patriotism and motivates citizens to contribute to the advancement of their nation.

However, the fervor of nationalism can also harbor negative consequences when taken to extremes. Excessive nationalism may breed intolerance and xenophobia, leading to the marginalization of minority groups and fostering social division. Moreover, on the international stage, hyper-nationalism can fuel conflicts and strained relations between nations, hindering efforts towards global cooperation and peace.

Despite its potential pitfalls, nationalism remains a potent force in shaping both domestic and international affairs. It influences political ideologies, shapes cultural identities, and drives societal norms and values. Recognizing the nuances of nationalism and its impact is crucial for fostering inclusive societies and promoting peaceful coexistence among nations.

In conclusion, while nationalism can be a source of unity and pride, it also carries the risk of exclusivity and conflict. Striking a balance between national identity and global cooperation is essential for navigating the complexities of nationalism in the modern world.                                                         

Writing Paragraph on Nationalism in 250 Words

Nationalism, a profound sentiment of loyalty and devotion to one’s nation, serves as a foundational element in shaping societal identities and collective consciousness. It encapsulates a deep-rooted pride in one’s cultural heritage, history, and achievements, fostering a sense of belonging and unity among citizens. At its core, nationalism bolsters national identity, instilling a shared purpose and fostering solidarity among diverse populations within a country.

The importance of nationalism lies in its ability to mobilize citizens towards common goals, driving societal progress and development. It serves as a unifying force that transcends individual differences, promoting social cohesion and fostering a sense of collective responsibility towards the nation’s welfare. Nationalism also plays a crucial role in shaping political ideologies and policies, influencing governance structures and societal norms.

In contemporary society, nationalism manifests itself through various channels, including cultural expressions, political rhetoric, and symbolic gestures. In many countries, nationalistic sentiments are often amplified during times of uncertainty or perceived threats to national security or sovereignty. However, the practice of nationalism can also lead to polarization and exclusion, as individuals or groups may exploit nationalistic fervor to marginalize minority populations or suppress dissenting voices.

Moreover, nationalism’s impact extends beyond domestic affairs, often shaping international relations and diplomacy. While nationalism can promote solidarity and cooperation between nations, it can also exacerbate tensions and conflicts, particularly when competing national interests collide.

Striking a balance between national pride and global cooperation is essential for fostering inclusive societies and promoting peaceful coexistence among nations in an increasingly interconnected world. Thus, understanding the complexities of nationalism and its implications is crucial for navigating the contemporary geopolitical landscape while promoting mutual respect, understanding, and cooperation among diverse nations.

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Nationalism as a Political Occurrence Essay

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What is Nationalism?

A brief typology of nationalism, works cited.

Nationalism can be described as a political occurrence that can exist in several ways. Nationalism is continued by certain agents and is subject to many views. James Kellas described nationalism in international relations as an origin of crisis, an origin of resistance to the state system in existence, a resistance to international establishments, and an indicator of a country’s capability in regard to international affairs (43).

Nationalism has been variously interpreted to imply the creation and continuation of a state. Anthony Smith recognized five ways of using nationalism: the entire procedure of developing and preserving a nation; a source of sense of belonging and patriotism to the nation; symbolization to the nation; a political orientation of the nation, which includes cultural doctrines; a political and societal struggle for the achievement of national goals (181).

Nationalism could be considered a way of conduct or an ideology or both (Smith 4). In the sense of ideology, nationalism stands as a system of ideas normally requiring rights of self-governance. In this respect, nationalism declares the peculiarity of a certain nation and their right to rule themselves in their territory (Easman 28).

This classical description presumes that nationalism is based on the nation and the right of the nation to determine for itself in their homeland. However, the application of nationalism is mostly narrowed to the quest of nationhood where a particular nation moves to stand for a state that has chosen to be considered as politically disparate. This ideology has caused a movement for independence.

In another view, Walker Connor contends that nationalism is a matter of trueness and allegiance (42). In this regard, the ideology of nationalism is concerned with the faithfulness to the nation and how it’s several aspects of attributes and values can be preserved. Walker Connor supports the view of nationalism as a display of allegiance to the nation (42).

Hence, nationalism is not against a people’s loyalty to their state-nation. Small or large groups can be faithful to the laws of the state however be loyal to their premier identity source, which is their national or ethnic identity. This peculiarity is striking in countries having multinational states, as there is a distinction between the nation and the state.

Connor argues that nationalism is faithfulness and allegiance to the nation, whereas Easman contends that it is faithfulness and allegiance to the community. Hence, it can be seen that nationalism is a manifestation of what is termed “ethnic solidarity”. Ethnocentric attitudes as well as nationalist sentiments make up a vital aspect of nationalism. The way a nationalist behaves and its manner of consideration is strengthened and supported through “mechanisms of socialization” (Evans and Newnham 347).

In the analysis of the conditions in the presentation of nationalism, it can be seen that it basically explains certain aspects of nationalism. Even though it is generally accepted that research on nationalism is still far away from improving a desired typology or normative use. James Kellas gave three broad approaches that give a description of nationalism: state/official nationalism, ethnic nationalism, and civic/social nationalism (66).

Official nationalism is the state’s nationalism that covers all legal citizens, regardless of their ethnic origin and tradition (Kellas 67). This is the type of nationalism that is practiced by the citizens in the form of patriotism. There is a difference between official nationalism and other forms of nationalism in the sense that it is practiced by government authorities at the state level via internal policies.

Hence, nationalism is in this case, defined in regard to national interest. Therefore, state nationalism is based on patriotism to the nation and the intention of the citizens to affiliate the political status of the state with the nation. This makes the state a political entity that stands for the will of every citizen that also brings together their national allegiance and loyalty.

Ethnic nationalism represents the ideology and social movement of cultural groups that one of its priority goals is building a “nation-state” founded on their cultural heritage and other ethnic markers that reinforces a feeling of belonging to what the group consider a nation.

On another front, ethnic nationalism may be concentrated on sustaining the group’s “ethnic solidarity” and look forward to the preservation of its culture via district, ethnical and political self-governance inside a certain state. In this regard, the movement for the continuation of a cultural identity is perceived as a manifestation of an ethnic nationalism.

According to James Kellas, civic or social nationalism is the nationalism of a state that is determined by cultural and social affiliations instead of shared descent (66). In contrast to ethnic nationalism, civic or social nationalism has to do with “secondary community” instead of a “primary community” (Thompson 49).

In the civic or social nationalism, foreigners can take part in the group by adopting their culture and adjusting to the society. This type of nationality is one that is gotten by immigrants. The cultural or national groups are required to wholly incorporate the new nation and also comply with the nation’s standards, after the acquisition of citizenship.

Connor, Walker. Etnonacionalismo . Madrid: Trama Editorial, 1998. Print.

Easman, Milton J. Ethnic Politics . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. Print.

Evans, Graham, and Jeffrey Newnham. The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations . New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1998. Print.

Kellas, James G. The Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity . 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press Inc., 1998. Print.

Smith, Anthony D. Structure and Persistence of Ethnic . Malden: Polity Press, 2003. Print.

Thompson, Richard H. Theories of Ethnicity . Westport: Greenwood Press, 1989. Print.

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IvyPanda. (2018, December 11). Nationalism as a Political Occurrence. https://ivypanda.com/essays/nationalism/

"Nationalism as a Political Occurrence." IvyPanda , 11 Dec. 2018, ivypanda.com/essays/nationalism/.

IvyPanda . (2018) 'Nationalism as a Political Occurrence'. 11 December.

IvyPanda . 2018. "Nationalism as a Political Occurrence." December 11, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/nationalism/.

1. IvyPanda . "Nationalism as a Political Occurrence." December 11, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/nationalism/.

Bibliography

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Paragraph on Nationalism in 100 to 300 Words for Students

• Post author: Grammar Library
• Post category: Paragraph

Nationalism is a powerful feeling that ties people together through their love for their country. It’s like a strong bond that makes people proud of where they come from and encourages them to work together for their nation’s good. This sense of unity can inspire great achievements and a deep sense of belonging. But, like any strong feeling, nationalism has its complexities. It can lead to both positive actions, such as helping communities thrive, and challenges, as it sometimes creates divisions between different groups. In exploring nationalism, we’ll delve into what makes this emotion so significant and how it shapes the actions and beliefs of people around the world. Let’s journey into the heart of nationalism, understanding its roots and its impact on our lives.

Paragraph on Nationalism in 100 words

Nationalism in India represents a deep sense of pride and loyalty towards the nation. It was a crucial force in the struggle for India’s independence from British rule. Key figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru inspired many to envision a future where India was free and governed by its people. Indian nationalism is characterized by the celebration of cultural diversity, including multiple languages, religions, and traditions.

This unity in diversity reflects the essence of Indian nationalism, emphasizing solidarity among different communities. Today, nationalism continues to influence many aspects of Indian society, such as education, where students learn about the country’s rich history and the importance of national integrity. It fosters a sense of responsibility among the youth to contribute positively to the nation’s development and uphold the values of tolerance and unity.

Paragraph on Nationalism in 150 words

Nationalism is a powerful sentiment that binds citizens to their country. In India, nationalism has played a pivotal role, especially during the freedom struggle against British colonialism. Leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, and many others fought bravely to establish India as a sovereign nation. Their sacrifices instilled a strong sense of national pride among Indians. Indian nationalism also thrives on the principle of unity in diversity, where people from various cultures and backgrounds live together harmoniously.

Schools teach students about the heroes of the independence movement, instilling a deep respect for the freedom fighters and the struggles they endured. In contemporary India, nationalism also encourages individuals to participate in national development and democratic processes. It is seen in celebrations of national festivals like Independence Day and Republic Day, where the history, culture, and achievements of India are proudly displayed. Thus, nationalism in India is not just about the past; it is a continuing journey towards social unity, economic prosperity, and political stability.

Paragraph on Nationalism in 200 words

Nationalism in India is a broad concept that encompasses the country’s rich history, diverse cultures, and shared values. It traces back to the pre-independence era, where it was primarily a unifying force against British rule. The struggle was marked by widespread movements and uprisings, which were led by iconic leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, whose philosophy of non-violence rallied masses.

Post-independence, nationalism shifted towards building a modern state through the integration of various princely states and promoting a secular and democratic ethos. This was crucial in maintaining unity in a country as diverse as India. In the educational sphere, Indian schools focus on teaching the importance of nationalism through history and civic studies, highlighting how it shapes responsible citizenship. For example, students learn about the Constitution of India, which embodies national goals such as justice, liberty, and equality.

Nationalism today also means respecting and celebrating the pluralistic nature of India’s society, where various languages, religions, and customs coexist. Events like the Kumbh Mela and Diwali, among others, are celebrated by people across the nation, transcending their individual cultural identities. Thus, Indian nationalism is about appreciating the past, engaging with the present, and inspiring a collective commitment to the future of the country, encouraging everyone to contribute to its ongoing success and unity.

Paragraph on Nationalism in 250 words

Nationalism is a powerful feeling of pride and loyalty towards one’s own country. In India, this sentiment has been a significant force in shaping the nation’s history and identity. Historically, Indian nationalism played a pivotal role in the country’s struggle for independence from British rule. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru advocated for a united India where every citizen, irrespective of their background, could feel a sense of belonging and pride in their nation. They emphasized the importance of self-rule and cultural revival.

In contemporary times, Indian nationalism is about celebrating and preserving the country’s rich heritage and diverse cultures. It promotes unity among India’s various ethnic and religious groups. For example, festivals such as Republic Day and Independence Day are observed across the nation, where people of all backgrounds come together to celebrate their Indianness. Schools and educational programs often focus on teaching students about the achievements of Indian scientists, artists, and leaders to instill a sense of national pride.

Moreover, nationalism in India also means striving for self-sufficiency and innovation. Initiatives like ‘Make in India’ encourage companies and individuals to create and manufacture goods within the country, boosting the economy and creating jobs. This sense of nationalism not only builds a strong community but also encourages a spirit of resilience and independence among the younger generations.

Understanding and appreciating the depth of Indian nationalism helps students recognize their role in contributing to the country’s progress while respecting and valuing its diverse cultural mosaic. This comprehensive view fosters a balanced and inclusive sense of national identity.

Paragraph on Nationalism in 300 words

Nationalism is a concept that unites people under the shared identity of being part of a nation. In India, nationalism has evolved through various phases, each marked by significant historical events. The foundation of Indian nationalism is often traced back to the colonial period when leaders and thinkers began advocating for national unity to resist British rule. Figures such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bhagat Singh, and many others inspired the masses to envision a free India.

Post-independence, nationalism shifted towards nation-building and development. Leaders focused on integrating the diverse linguistic, cultural, and religious groups into a cohesive Indian identity. Efforts were made to promote equality and harmony among these varied groups, which is evident in the policies and constitutional guarantees that protect the rights of minorities and promote cultural preservation.

Today, nationalism in India is also intertwined with the push for technological and economic advancement. The government and various organizations champion the concept of “Digital India” and “Skill India” to harness the potential of young Indians and prepare them for a globalized world. These initiatives aim to reduce dependency on foreign technology and labor, fostering a sense of national self-reliance.

Furthermore, environmental nationalism has become increasingly significant, with movements aimed at protecting India’s natural resources. Projects like the Clean Ganga and afforestation campaigns are examples of how nationalistic feelings are channeled towards preserving the environment. These efforts reflect a broader understanding of nationalism that includes the responsibility to safeguard the country’s ecological heritage.

In schools, the narrative of Indian nationalism is often incorporated into the curriculum to build a strong foundation of patriotic values. Textbooks highlight the struggles and achievements of India’s freedom fighters and reformers, aiming to instill a sense of pride and duty in young minds.

Thus, Indian nationalism is not just about the love for one’s country but also about contributing positively to its growth and prosperity. It encourages citizens, especially the youth, to uphold the values of tolerance, unity, and respect, making it a powerful force for social and economic transformation.

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• Nationalism Essay

Long and Short Nationalism and Patriotism Essay

The word ‘Nationalism’ itches a question in everyone’s mind - what is it and the significance of nationalism in a country. To define nationalism, it is simply nothing but patriotism towards the country. Every citizen must have some kind of sentiment towards their country and nationalism defines that. It is really significant in the field of international politics. Nationalism is a magical term that binds the people of a country altogether. 

Below are the samples of short and long essays on Nationalism provided keeping the students’ convenience in mind. Take a look for a better understanding. 

Long Nationalism and Patriotism Essay

Nationalism is synonymous with the word ‘Patriotism’. It is believed to be an ideology that depicts an individual’s love and respect towards the nation. It is nothing but the common man’s feeling towards their country. 

The concept of nationalism originated during the pre-independent era in India. As the Britishers stepped into this country as traders and slowly turned into rulers, it became inevitable to get them out of the country. As a consequence, all the Indians bonded together, became stronger and a lot of major events and movements followed in order 

Movements like Satyagrah, the Salt March, the non-co-operation movement, Quit India movement broke out and that’s how the concept of nationalism was evoked amongst the Indians irrespective of gender, race, or religion. In that era, many social groups were formed and they had a strong impact on the people of India. Followingly, some major events like the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat movement took place. 

Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 in order to provide a civil platform for the common Indians. The struggle against Britishers helped the Indians to develop a feeling of responsibility and devotion towards their motherland. This collective power of devotion helped the Indians to understand the power of nationalism. 

Below are a few factors that are responsible for the rise of nationalism in India. Take a look -

The British came to India for trading purposes as a part of the East India company. But eventually became rulers of the country and violence started erupting everywhere which spoils the communal harmony among all the nationalists. 

However, India has been developed as a unified nation under the government of the Britishers. This had a strong influence on the economic development of the country and thus led to a strong sense of nationalism among every Indian. 

There was a lot of influence left by the Britishers such as the English language has become one of the popular international languages used by the Indians. All the knowledgeable people of the country started communicating in English and this has become the interactive medium between all the linguistic groups. 

While Indians are under the rule of Britishers, a bunch of good and bad things happened. Among the good deeds, one is the development of transportation in the country and as a result, the Britishers developed a well-led railway system across the country. It helps all the Indians to get connected well and bond together. 

Along with the independence movement, various social movements also took place at that time period in India which helped to reform many superstitious practices and social evils in order to develop the basic social structure of the country. 

Short Essay on Nationalism

Nationalism is nothing but an ideology that happens due to several factors. Among those factors, a few are - history, territory, mother tongue, culture, heritage, tradition, mentality etc. with the help of these factors, a sense of belonging develops among the people. It somehow also helps to nurture the love and devotion of an individual towards the entire nation. 

The concept of nationalism was there for a long time. But in India, the concept took birth during the time of the independence movement. That was the phase when all the Indians came forward irrespective of caste, religion, language, or region etc. and fought against the British monarchy. That’s how the collective devotion of all the staunch Indian nationalists became prominent and bonding became stronger. 

Nationalism is the common factor among all the citizens that would bind them together and give them the unity and strength which is required. Nationalism is the hardcore reason behind national integration. People of an individual nation get strength through this magical term. It puts all the countrymen together and keeps all the hatred and crimes at the bay. 

In India, the term ‘nationalism’ has been misused quite frequently by the politicians, media, and common man. However, there were a lot of factors that worked in favour of nationalism in India. From World War I to the Jallianwala bagh massacre, these major incidents in Indian history accelerated the entire nation and motivated the Indian citizens against the British rulers. This is how nationalism became the main factor for the Independence movement in pre-independent India.

FAQs on Nationalism Essay

1. Who is the Father of Indian Nationalism?

Ans: The father is Indian nationalism is Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

2. How Many Categories of Nationalism are There in Our Country?

Ans: There are two kinds of nationalism i.e. left-wing nationalism and right-wing nationalism. 

3. Define Nationalism.

Ans: Nationalism is nothing but the desire to support the nation in its true aspect. Every citizen’s responsibility is to maintain loyalty towards the nation. 

In this article, you can find a 600 - word nationalism essay and also a brief 200 - word nationalism essay for school students and children. These essays can be used by students of class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

500 Words Essay on Nationalism. Nationalism is an ideology which shows an individual’s love & devotion towards his nation. It is actually people’s feelings for their nation as superior to all other nations. The concept of nationalism in India developed at the time of the Independence movement.

Nationalism is a core concept in anthropology that encompasses the desire for a collective identity and the belief in the value of one’s social, political, and cultural group. It has been described as expressing people’s sense of belonging to a nation or state and as an ideology that seeks to bind individuals into a unified nationality.

Read an essay on Nationalism, which embodies pride, unity, and identity and shapes nations' cultural, political, and narratives globally.

Here we are providing essays of varying words - length – 100, 150, 200 , 250, 300 and 400 words – and they can take their pick as per their needs to articulate their sense of pride in the oneness of their vast, beautiful and strong nation.

Paragraph Writing on Nationalism in 200 Words . Nationalism, a profound sentiment of loyalty and devotion to one’s nation, serves as a cornerstone of societal cohesion and identity. It instills a sense of pride among citizens, fostering a collective consciousness that binds individuals together under a shared heritage.

Want to know what are the best nationalism essay topics? 🗽 Check our list of 138 interesting nationalism essay examples! ⚙️ Also don't miss an instant and completely free nationalism essay topic generator. 👉

Anthony Smith recognized five ways of using nationalism : the entire procedure of developing and preserving a nation; a source of sense of belonging and patriotism to the nation; symbolization to the nation; a political orientation of the nation, which includes cultural doctrines; a political and societal struggle for the achievement of national ...

Paragraph on Nationalism in 200 words . Nationalism in India is a broad concept that encompasses the country’s rich history, diverse cultures, and shared values. It traces back to the pre-independence era, where it was primarily a unifying force against British rule.

Nationalism is a magical term that binds the people of a country altogether. Below are the samples of short and long essays on Nationalism provided keeping the students’ convenience in mind. Take a look for a better understanding.

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• Snorkel and stand-up paddleboard amongst the Great Barrier Reef
• High-end five-star service, catering for up to twelve guests!

A 78ft premium Whitsundays sports yacht, La Mar redefines tropical luxury, creating bespoke itineraries filled with island adventure and sumptuous relaxation. Cruising from Hamilton Island to the dazzling highlights of the Whitsunday Islands, guests can explore silica sand beaches, snorkel amongst vibrant fringing reefs, and unwind along sleek decks with the perfect vantage point. Offering an unforgettable range of half-day and full-day private charter experiences, La Mar is the perfect vessel for every sun-soaked celebration. An extraordinary Whitsundays day aboard La Mar is beckoning!

• Sleek and stylish 24m Lazzara Luxury Sport Yacht
• Custom, tailored itineraries for a personalised Whitsundays experience
• Snorkel amongst secluded Great Barrier Reef destinations
• Range of day activities, including two stand-up paddle boards
• Extensive outdoor spaces with the perfect vantage point
• Five-star service, with two highly-trained crew members onboard
• Snacks (fruit/cheese platter) and beach towels provided
• Snorkelling equipment and wetsuits provided
• Fully air-conditioned, deluxe interior
• Large TV in the saloon with Apple TV, Foxtel and movie selection
• A variety of non-alcoholic beverages, sparkling and still water included 
• BYO alcohol
• Catering Packages at an additional cost

Sample Itinerary

Offering bespoke, personalised itineraries for every guest, La Mar cruises through the Whitsunday Islands and Great Barrier Reef from Hamilton Island. Tailor your La Mar experience to include the sparkling shorelines of Whitehaven Beach and vibrant inner fringing reefs, in addition to abundant time to relax aboard sleek decks. Explore the Whitsundays your way - it is no surprise why guests retu...

Offering bespoke, personalised itineraries for every guest, La Mar cruises through the Whitsunday Islands and Great Barrier Reef from Hamilton Island. Tailor your La Mar experience to include the sparkling shorelines of Whitehaven Beach and vibrant inner fringing reefs, in addition to abundant time to relax aboard sleek decks. Explore the Whitsundays your way - it is no surprise why guests return season after season.

Whitehaven Beach

A world-class tropical destination, the brilliant silica sands of Whitehaven Beach are the ideal place to unwind and wade amongst shallow, crystal-clear Whitsundays waters. Stretching over seven kilometres, guests can explore the premier Whitsundays beach without the crowds, before heading back to La Mar’s stylish decks!

A short, uphill stroll from Whitehaven Beach will lead guests to one of the most photographed destinations in the world, Hill Inlet Lookout. Offering panoramic views of the ever-shifting sands and turquoise waters below, a visit to Hill Inlet cannot be missed. A camera is a must-pack for this iconic Whitsundays location!

Snorkelling

Immerse yourself in the spectacular beauty of the Great Barrier Reef with La Mar! Following mornings filled with island-hopping fun, dive deep into the island’s flourishing inner fringing reefs. Spot exotic hard and soft corals, quirky reef fish, and magnificent marine species such as shining Maori Wrasse, friendly Sea Turtles, and Giant Trevally - a world of wonder is awaiting!

Stand-up paddleboards

Nothing says sun-soaked fun quite like a cruisy paddleboard amongst secluded Whitsunday coves! Whether a mindful solo experience on the water or cheeky group activity is what you’re after, stand-up paddleboarding is bound to fill your bucket. Be sure to take in post-card perfect views of La Mar whilst you’re exploring!

La Mar Indulgence

With a tailor-made Whitsundays itinerary, a day aboard La Mar is all about you and your guests! Choose to fill your day with island and reef adventures or simply spend time unwinding on La Mar’s stunning entertainment decks, wining and dining to your fullest, and creating lifelong memories with your group of family, friends, colleagues, or loved ones. Time to pop open the bubbly!

Vessel Specifications

• Model:  Lazzara Luxury Sports Yacht
• Length:  24 metres (78 feet)
• Year Built:  2012
• Guest capacity - 12 day guests, 6 overnight guests
• Cruising Speed:  20 knots

La Mar delivers luxurious onboard highlights and five-star service as you cruise from one Whitsundays destination to the next!

More Information

What to bring.

• Sun protection (sunscreen, hat, sunglasses etc.)
• Comfortable footwear for walking
• Camera/GoPro/phone for photos
• Water bottle to refill
• Insect repellent
• Warm clothes/pullover for afternoons (seasonal)

What's Included

• Luxury superyacht hire
• Custom-built itinerary
• Two professional crew
• Variety of non-alcoholic beverages
• Basic snacks (fruit/cheese platter)
• Quality amenities and beach towels
• Wetsuit hire & snorkel...
• Wetsuit hire & snorkelling equipment
• Two stand-up paddle-boards
• Marine park fees
• GST included

What's Extra

• BYO Alcohol:  Order can be placed at Hamilton Island Bottle Shop and collected by the crew. We would discourage guests coming down to the boat with cartons/bottles etc. and preference having beverages onboard in fridges/eskies prior to departure.
• Catering:  Either BYO or you can place an order with an external catering company. Please ask us for more information if you prefer the latter.
• 20% Public Holiday + Peak Season Surcharge applies
• Outer Reef Surcharge (weather permitting): $1,760
• Additional Hours: $1,430 (payable at checkout)
• Fuel Surcharge for Airlie Beach pick up: $1,760
• Fuel Surcharge for Daydream Island pick up: $1,100

Terms and Conditions

Important Information

Cruise Ship Passengers:

If your cruise ship itinerary or departure times change within the cancellation policy of your vessel, we will do our best to assist you in finding other alternatives. However, in most cases we will not be able to issue any kind of refund. It is for this reason, that we strongly recommend you have travel insurance, as cruise ship schedules are known to change frequently.

Your Responsibilities:

Please advise us before booking if any passengers are under 18 years old to ensure this is the appropriate trip. 

You must reconfirm all booked tours prior to travel as specified on your voucher. If applicable, notes such as dietary requirements, pick-up locations and additional fees should also be confirmed at this time. Reconfirmations cannot be actioned through Sailing Whitsundays/Mr Travel, and must be done so directly through the Service Operator as specified on each ticket.

It is your responsibility to notify us of ticket discrepancies. Please read through the details on your voucher thoroughly to ensure all details such as passenger names, ages and dates of travel on vouchers are correct.

It is the responsibility of all passengers travelling to advise both your travel agent at the time of booking and the vessel check-in agent before boarding of any medical conditions including food allergies you may suffer from.

You need to allow adequate time to check-in prior to the specified departure time. 

Prices/Extra Costs:

All prices are stated in Australian dollars and include GST. Surcharges over peak holiday seasons may apply. 

The Service Operator reserves the right to alter prices and extra costs. Extra costs may include EMC fees, Stingersuit/Wetsuit Hire, Luggage Storage, Insurance, Linen Hire, National Park Fees, Fuel Levies, Dietary Fees, etc. Bonds may also apply.

We will also endeavour to communicate these extra costs with you at the time of booking, and on your ticket. However, it is your responsibility to confirm which (if any) additional costs apply with each Service Operator upon reconfirming your trip.

Travel Risk/Insurance:

It should be noted that adventure travel involves risk. Whilst we make every effort to safeguard clients, we cannot be responsible for personal injury or loss due to the actions of our clients which are beyond our control. We highly recommend that all clients have travel insurance covering illness, injury, loss or damage to personal belongings and not being able to travel on the confirmed date of departure. You should also ensure your travel insurance will cover special circumstances including weather events preventing guests from travelling to their tour departure destination and cancelled flights due to unforeseen circumstances. 

Merchant Fees:

Please be aware operators pass on credit card merchant fees so there is a non-refundable 1% surcharge for VISA and MASTERCARD card purchases.

Other: 

Terms and Conditions (including the Cancellation Policy) are subject to change. The most recent versions can be found online on the relevant product pages. 

All ticket/voucher reissues attract a $20 administration fee.

Open Date Vouchers / Gift Certificate:

Shipping Costs are in addition to the ticket price and will be added at check-out. Shipping costs are non-refundable and do not makeup part of the ticket value. 

E-Vouchers incur no shipping fees. You have 5 years to use the value of the voucher. Seasonal Price Rises will apply if travelling out the current seasons pricing. Vouchers can be exchanged for free up to the full value of the voucher excluding credit card fees and charges.

Cancellations

Client Cancellations:

All cancellations forfeit the non-refundable deposit. All balance payments are due 2 months prior to departure. Failure to pay the remaining balance before this scheduled date will result in termination of the charter and forfeit of the non-refundable deposit. Once the balance payment has been made, no shows and client cancellations made within 30 days of departure forfeit 100% of the full ticket price.

It is compulsory that all cancellation requests are in writing and sent via email to [email protected] . Cancellations attempted via online chat or phone will not be actioned.

Supplier Cancellations:

The Service Operator reserves the right to alter prices, alter itineraries, apply a fuel surcharge, cancel departures, arrange alternative transport and vary itineraries and services if necessary.

All departures and itineraries are subject to weather. Tours may be changed or cancelled for any reason at the discretion of the Service Operator. If the Service Operator has to cancel the trip or activity (prior to departure) and we cannot offer a suitable alternative, then a refund will be given minus a 20% administration fee and any associated card fees. We strongly recommend that you have travel insurance, especially during the wet season.

In the unlikely event of your trip being cancelled or stood down, all guest communication is required to go through our Online Store via telephone or email. While there is a Sailing Whitsundays retail outlet located Airlie Beach, please be aware that they operate as a separate entity and are unable to access reservations made by the Mr Travel online department.

All refunds are in Australian Dollars and must be made to the card of payment. Sailing Whitsundays/Mr Travel is not liable for exchange rate fluctuations or fees, or any other merchant/bank fees associated with domestic and/or international transactions.

Where a full refund is applicable, there is the option to transfer the whole cost of the tour to another tour or “Credit” to avoid the administration fee. A transfer fee of $20 will apply.

You will be emailed confirmation once the refund has been processed. Once the refund has been processed, it may still take time for the banks to clear the amount. Please allow 7-10 business days for the funds to clear into Australian accounts and up to 21 business days for international accounts.

Accountability/Misconduct:

All Service Operators have the right to provide client feedback and to cancel bookings based on feedback from other Service Operators. 

Please enjoy your travel experience in a kind and responsible manner.

Sailing Whitsundays/Mr Travel will treat this as any normal client cancellation and therefore the cancellation fees stated in the Client Cancellation Policy will apply.

Thank you for booking with our East-Coast travel experts here at Mr Travel/Sailing Whitsundays.  If you would like any further advice, assistance in arranging accommodation, transfers or additional tours please get in touch.

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146  Crewed Luxury Yachts for Charter in USA

USA Yacht Charter

The USA is one of the most diverse superyacht destinations in the world showcasing an array of spectacular sights from big blue-bird skies and majestic snow-capped mountains to charming picturesque harbors and historic colonial towns. Further south, vsiitors can also experience a warmer more vibrant atmosphere that belies its Caribbean and Latin heritage, interwoven with the alluring glamor of 5-star resorts and megayacht marinas. Whatever your desires, endless potential abounds for a  superyacht rental  vacation in this magical country. 

Bounded by vast oceans and seas: from the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic oceans to the balmy Caribbean Sea, the USA is notable for its wildly diverse landscape. From the first pilgrim settlers who landed at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts in 1620 to the present day, the USA has been transformed to become one of the most economically developed nations in the world. However, the draw card for yacht charters undoubtedly lies in its rich cultural history and the amazingly varied cruising grounds on offer.

USA YACHT BOOKING GUIDE:

USA: At a Glance

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• Diverse topography From huge glaciers, vast lakes, deep canyons, giant forests, craggy coastlines and miles upon miles of glittering golden beaches, this country has it all.
• Rich maritime history America’s historic East Coast has deep connections with its sailing past; from the first settlers who founded the whaling and boat building communities to the glamorous yacht clubs and summer jazz festivals we know today, and it is widely acknowledged as the birthplace of yachting.
• Wide variety of marinas and anchorages USA is eminently a yacht charter destination with a strong yacht infrastructure that caters to the thousands of vessels traversing its vast coastline and myriad islands each year.
• National Parks and UNESCO World Heritage sites This country boasts an incredible collection of national parks and world heritage sites unrivaled anywhere in the world.
• Popular neighboring destination s USA enjoys close proximity to Canada on its West Coast, as well as the Bahamas and the Caribbean in the south east, offering bountiful stunning additional cruising grounds from which to start or finish your yacht charter.

With a supreme raft of destinations to choose from, you may not be sure where to head to on your USA yacht charter . To make it a little bit easier, we have compiled a list of some of the best places to visit:

Pacific Northwest (San Juans & Anacortes, Desolation Sound, Sunshine Coast, Alaska) Best for : visual drama, glaciers, majestic mountains, salmon fishing, diverse wildlife, endless miles of tranquil cruising, stunning anchorages, dramatic sunsets

California (San Francisco, Newport Beach, San Diego, Baja California) Best for: year-round cruising, natural harbors, whale watching, national parks, Hollywood heritage, characterful islands, iconic landmarks, laid-back beaches

New England (Maine, Newport, Martha’s Vineyard, Nantucket, Cape Cod, New York) Best for:  lighthouses, rocky coastline, lobster fishing, sailing yachts, colonial heritage, legendary summer festivals, charming architecture, art galleries, walking tours, vibrant autumn foliage

Florida (Daytona Beach, Miami, Fort Lauderdale) Best for:  everglades, fishing, snorkelling, water sports, scuba diving schools, secluded anchorages, excellent marina facilities, miles of pristine beaches, Hollywood royalty, luxury resorts, celebrated nightlife, short distance to the stunning Abacos Islands

Florida Keys (Key Largo, Key West, Bimini Islands) Best for: coral reefs, spectacular scuba diving and snorkelling, kayaking, eco-tours, dolphin watching, island hopping, fishing, gateway to the Bahamas

Neighbouring Regions (Bahamas and Caribbean) Best for: white-sand beaches, turquoise waters, marine parks, coral reefs, an abundance of marine life, stunning anchorages, water sports, pastel-hued villages, excellent dining, vibrant clubs and bars

As an enduring and highly popular yacht charter destination, there will always be a varied selection of charter yachts to choose from. If you are unsure of the type of yacht that would best suit your needs, there are a few things you should consider first: 

Motor Yacht Charter in the USA

With their ability to cover vast distances over a short period, as well as offering comfortable and generous accommodation, not to mention a much wider variety of onboard facilities and water toys, a motor yacht charter could prove the perfect choice for your vacation. From high-performance open yachts, perfect for zipping around waterways and harbors, to larger displacements vessels offering luxurious cruising at a slightly more relaxed pace, the choices are endless. 

Sailing Yacht Charter in the USA

If you prefer a more adventurous style of cruising, then a sail yacht charter could be just the ticket. New England on America's East Coast is a renowned sailing mecca, where you can enjoy far-reaching views of the Appalachian mountains as you cruise this stretch of glorious rugged coastline. 

There promises to be plenty of favorable winds wherever your destination and a sailing yacht charter is a superb way to experience all the wonder this beautiful country has to offer.

With spacious accommodation and shorter drafts enabling access to shallow waters, catamarans can also prove a great choice for yacht charters, especially if you wish to incorporate the exquisite shallow turquoise waters of the   Bahamas i nto your itinerary.

With the wide variety of yachts available for charter across the country, there should be something to suit every type of budget. The average prices for motor and sailing yacht charters in the USA are as follows;

Motor Yacht Charter

* All prices are quoted per week plus expenses.

Sailing Yacht Charter

The possibilities of where to start your USA yacht charter are endless, so the answer really depends on your chosen destination. Whether you are looking to cruise around the warm blue waters of Florida and the Bahamas , or prefer the majestic scenery and incredible wildlife of Alaska , there is a destination to suit everyone's taste and desires around this spectacular country.

For Florida yacht charters on the southeast coast, Miami  is great place to kick start your charter, where you will find plenty of international transport links, plus well-equipped superyacht marinas and luxury resorts in which to indulge yourself. Relax with a heavenly massage or take advantage of the many fine-dining options available before heading south to explore the exquisite Florida Keys .  Nassau is another fantastic option for those wishing to include the beautiful cruising grounds of the Bahamas in their itinerary.

For East Coast charters, the quintessential all-American yachting ports of Newport , Rhode Island and  Maine further north are fantastic jumping-off points for New England yacht charters , offering picture-perfect bays, charming clapboard houses, boutique art galleries and chic yacht clubs.

Sag Harbor to Nantucket (6 days)

On the country's West Coast, San Francisco provides an ideal place to start your yacht vacation, with a number of international airports serving the region and reliable shuttle and fast-speed train services delivering you straight to the harbor. Don't forget to include a trip to downtown San Francisco where you can explore its fascinating curving streets and hidden alleys. Head north to visit Napa Valley 's famous wineries or south to explore this region's stunning golden-fringed coastline, including the eternally glamorous  Los Angeles , San Diego and Baja California .

Up in the Pacific Northwest region, the San Juan and Gulf Islands are incredibly popular for yacht rental vacations where the pace of life is slower. This stunning archipelago of 450 or so islands offers relaxed and tranquil cruising, with short hops between islands. Accessible by road,  Anacortes is the ideal jumping-off point for your superyacht rental around this exquisite region. Head south to the breathtaking Desolation Sound ; world-class cruising grounds bursting with diverse wildlife from humpback whales to the emblematic Bald eagle.

For more information and advice on your preferred charter destination and itinerary, please speak with your yacht charter broker .

As part of the third largest continent in the world, the best time to visit during your superyacht vacation will naturally depend on your destination;

• Pacific Northwest – peak cruising times are during the months of June-September, however, the shoulder months of May and early October are also worth considering, offering a less crowded chartering experience, especially around the San Juans, and the weather is still usually quite settled.
• West   Coast – for yacht rentals around San Francisco, Napa Valley, California and Baja California further south, the best time to visit is around May through to November, although these destinations can be enjoyed all year round.
• Florida – the optimum times to visit the Sunshine State will be from November through to April, which are the driest months where temperatures rarely dip below 20 degrees in winter. You should note that Christmas and New Year are peak times and can get busy, so if you are looking to rent a yacht over this period we recommend booking early. Ideally, ensure your yacht charter is booked no later than late spring/early summer to avoid the hurricane season from July-October. 
• New England – the ideal time to visit this charming location will be from May to September, although shoulder months are a great time to avoid the crowds, especially late September when the foliage on the leaves start to change to reveal the breathtaking canvas of golden hues and rich deep reds this destination is so famous for.

The USA has been a renowned destination for yacht lovers for years, spurring the construction of hundreds of excellent, well-equipped marinas up and down the East and West Coast, and throughout its vast labyrinth of waterways and lakes, which cater to yachts of all shapes and sizes. 

We have listed some of our favourite marinas at which to park up and take a breather whilst on your yacht charter, where you are sure to be welcomed with a wide smile and offered lots of helpful advice as you head off to explore your new surroundings.

New England

• North Cove Marina , downtown New York: hosts yachts of up to 53m LOA, with a max draft of 4m. 
• Montauk Yacht Club , Hamptons: this exclusive marina is located near the Hamptons, with pools and tennis courts as well as access to Gurney's Resort facilities. It has 232 berths catering to yachts of up to 67m / 220ft.
• Saybrook Point Inn Marina & Spa , Connecticut: a fabulous location with great amenities on the Long Island Sound, comprising 123 berths for yachts up to 70m / 230ft in length.
• Newport:  the spiritual home of yachting offers fantastic first-rate marinas including  Newport Marina , Bowen’s Wharf , a marina located on the waterfront, accommodating yachts of up to 56m / 185ft and the  Newport Yachting Centre  in the heart of town, boasting 4,500 feet of dockage for yachts of up to 55m / 180ft. Some further gorgeous marinas and luxury resorts can be found on Goat Island , a small island oasis nestled in Narragansett Bay close to Newport.
• Boston Yacht Haven: located in Boston’s historic quarter of North End, comprising a fully serviced marina, restaurants and boutique hotel, and offers 100 berths for yachts up to 91m / 300ft in length.
• Nantucket Boat Basin:  this pretty marina consists of 240 berths that can accommodate yachts of up to 90m / 300ft.
• Dimillos Marina, Portland, Maine : close to the beautiful old-world town and extremely well run. It has 125 berths for yachts up to 75 meters in length.

Florida, Florida Keys and Bahamas

• Palm Harbour Marina, Palm Beach: extremely well-equipped marina, boasting 200 berths that can cater to yachts of up to 76m / 250ft. 
• Mia Marina, Miami:  centrally located next to some of the finest restaurants in the country, and a popular haunt of the rich and famous.
• Key West:  a great stopover for yachts cruising the Keys and the Bahamas . There are several marinas here catering to larger yachts . Key West Marina  - offers 37 berths for yachts up to 60m / 200ft, although this marina gets very busy so we recommend booking ahead.  Conch Harbour  - has 43 berths for yachts up to 60m / 195ft and Stock Island Marina Village boasts an impressive 288 berths catering to yachts of up to 137m / 450ft.
• Hawks Key Resort & Marina , Duck Key: is a delightful family-friendly marina, offering 85 berths for yachts up to 33m / 110ft LOA.
• Ocean Reef Club , Key Largo: this friendly marina boasts 175 berths accommodating yachts up to 53m / 175ft.
• Atlantis, Nassau, Bahamas:  a luxurious resort, with Michelin-star dining and luxury spas, and boasting 63 megayacht berths.

• Marina Del Rey , California: the king of all marinas. It’s the largest man-made harbor in North America and has the facilities to go with it.
• Berkeley Marina , California: a vast marina with 1,000 berths and boasting an array of activities in the area, this marina also offers spectacular views of the San Francisco skyline and Golden Gate Bridge.
• Kona Kai Marina , San Diego: located just minutes from San Diego International Airport, this marina is a great jumping-off point for yacht charters around America's stunning west coast. It has 500 berths that can accommodate yachts of up to 76m / 250ft.
• IGY Marina Cabo San Lucas:  located right on the very tip of Baja California Sur, this marina boasts 380 berths, with 33 slips catering to superyachts of up to 115m / 375ft.

Pacific Northwest

• Elliott Bay , Seattle: this marina offers wonderful views of the Seattle skyline plus restaurants and hosts year-round events, and is a great place to tie up for itineraries encompassing Desolation Sound and Alaska.
• Salmon Bay Marina:  superyacht standard marina with excellent facilities catering to yachts up to 73m / 240ft.
• Roche Harbor Marina,  San Juan Island: this picturesque harbor sits on the northwest side of the island and is a popular stop-off for yachts exploring the beautiful San Juan archipelago. If you're looking for something a little livelier, head to the nearby town of  Friday Harbor , which   has a marina with 377 berths catering for yachts of up to 45m / 150ft.

If we were to list all the great anchorages around this vast country we would be here all day, so we have condensed this list down to a few of our favorites for you to consider whilst cruising your chosen destination; whether that's in the shadows of the imposing Golden Gate Bridge , or the verdigris waters of Alaska as you watch orcas frolic over the bow, or anchored in the shallow turquoise bath-warm waters of the Bahamas , where you can swim and snorkel straight off the back of the yacht. The choices for spectacular anchorages in America are simply endless.

• Block Island, Rhode Island:  just 13 miles from Newport this is a lovely area to drop anchor for anyone cruising the beautiful Long Island Sound, encompassing 17 miles of pale golden beaches and well-preserved Victorian architecture.
• Port Washington, Long Island : situated in Massachusetts Bay, this is a charming anchorage with easy links to New York City, and regularly gets rave reviews.
• Martha’s Vineyard, Edgartown:  located on the island's East Coast, hugely popular for its whaling history, smugglers and pirates! Martha's Vineyard is popular for its lovely beaches, boutique art galleries, sailing and laid-back culture, as well as being a well-known retreat for celebrities and politicians.
• Seven Hundred Acre Island, Maine: drop anchor here and head ashore to experience the charming quintessence of this popular New England haunt, where lovely pastel timber homes vie with gilded-age colonial mansions and yacht marinas. 

Florida and Florida Keys

• Cayo Costa State Park, Florida:  encompassing 9 miles of wild coastline, this is a superb stop for those who wish to explore the park’s trails and get acquainted with the local residents, including alligators, manatees, porpoises and sea turtles. 
• Dry Tortugas National Park, Gulf of Mexico:  comprising seven islands – named for their lack of freshwater – located 63 miles west of Key West. This sheltered national park also boasts excellent snorkeling areas. Head ashore to Garden Key, the site of Civil War-era Fort Jefferson. 
• Dinner Key Anchorage, Coconut Grove, Florida:  located on Biscayne Bay, this stunning anchorage is a perfect place to park up before heading down to the Bahamas or the Caribbean. 

• Glorietta Bay, San Diego:  a lovely anchorage inside the main waterway close to the beautiful Hotel del Coronado, San Diego’s legendary beach resort.
• Newport Beach, San Diego:  quiet and scenic.
• Coronados Islands:  located 12 miles off the coast of San Diego. This small group of islands has some lovely anchorages around its clear blue waters and boasts some of the best diving on the west coast, where visibility often exceeds 80 feet.
• Channel Islands National Park:  a stunning archipelago of 5 islands off the coast of Santa Barbara offering a heady mix of sea caves, kelp forests, scenic hikes and whale watching.
• Monterey Bay, Big Sur:   located in a pretty scalloped bay south of Santa Cruz, with a bustling waterfront offering plenty of dining options where you can enjoy freshly caught squid, the local specialty. Don’t miss the Monterey Aquarium, one of the best on the west coast.
• Turtle Bay (Bahia Tortugas), Baja California: a pretty sheltered bay with plenty of anchorages, perfect for yachts heading down to the southern end of Cabo San Lucas. 

Pacific Northwest and Alaska

• Gig Harbor, Washington:  this charming maritime village near Puget Sound is a great place to anchor up and head ashore to explore its unique history and culture. Don’t miss its legendary Maritime Gig Festival in June.
• Princess Louisa Inlet, British Columbia:  often heralded as the “eighth wonder of the world” this area is located up a waterway inside the border of Canada opposite Vancouver Island. This breathtaking spot is famous for its waterfalls and tranquil emerald green mirrored lakes that perfectly reflect the surrounding snow-capped mountains and lush forests.
• Sucia Island Marine State Park, San Juan Islands:  known as the “Crown Jewel” of Washington’s San Juan Islands, this beautiful area has an array of exquisite anchorages, offering sheltered coves, lovely beaches and forest trails.
• Emerald Cove, Prince William Sound, Alaska:  watch icebergs float by as you picnic on one of the lovely pebble beaches around this sheltered cove. Prince William Sound offers incredible vistas and wonderfully diverse wildlife.
• Inian Islands, Alaska:  located south of the popular Glacier Bay, these exceptionally lovely islands are perfect for anchoring. Take the tender and watch the whales feeding on the area's rich sources of plankton. The islands are also teeming with salmon and halibut, perfect for fishing, or watch the region's brown bears as they catch their evening meal. 

Your yacht crew and broker will know the most about the best marinas, bays and sheltered coves where you can find suitable docking and anchorage options throughout your charter.

Newport, Rhode Island tends to be the favorite destination to kick start yacht charters in this beautiful region. The closest airport is Providence International, which is only half an hour's drive away.  For other destinations in New England, there are countless airports serving this region, including;  

• Logan International, Boston – New England's largest and busiest airport, with nonstop flights to destinations across the Americas, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, and a domestic hub for Delta and Cape Air and JetBlue. 
• Hartford's Bradley International Airport – New England's busiest airport in the south of the region, serving Rhode Island, Connecticut and Massachusetts. 
• Rhode Island's Green Airport (formerly T.F. Green) – a great alternative airport to Boston Logan.
• Portland International Jetport – Maine's largest airport 

Bear in mind that perennial summer favorites such as Cape Cod , Nantucket , and Martha's Vineyard each have their own airports which may prove worthwhile, particularly if you have limited time.

Florida is extremely accessible by air with five international airports serving the area: 

• Florida Keys/Marathon International Airport
• Miami International Airport
• Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport
• Palm Beach International Airport
• Southwest Florida International Airport

Private jets and other aircrafts are also able to land at Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport, Boca Raton Airport, Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport and Naples Airport. 

For USA intineraries incorprating the Bahamas

The Bahamas archipelago has four major airports with countless smaller airports running services to and from the islands.

• Lynden Pindling International Airport in the capital city Nassau. This is the region's busiest airport with three terminals serving international, charter and domestic flights.
• Rocksound International Airport, South Eleuthera.
• Exuma International Airport, Great Exuma
• Grand Bahama International Airport, Freeport

California 

California boasts literally dozens of commercial airports, here are some of the main ones for yacht charters in this region;

• Los Angeles LAX – the busiest and largest of all California airports, with major international flights from all over the world.
• San Francisco International Airport – California's second busiest airport is located on the edge of the San Fransisco Bay and offers stunning views of the city as you land.
• Oakland International Airport – located only 25 miles from San Francisco, just across the San Francisco Bay, and is served by a wide range of major airlines.
• Sacramento Airport is located about 15 km north of the city and ideal for yacht charters heading to Napa Valley, Lake Tahoe or Yosemite National Park.
• San Jose International Airport – located south of Silicon Valley, this airport offers direct flights to Europe, Asia Canada and Mexico and is perfect for itineraries incorporating San Fransisco, Monterey and Carmel.
• San Diego International Airport - perfect for yacht charters encompassing the San Diego, the Coronados and Baja California.

For yacht charters around the beautiful San Juan Islands, the following international airports offer flights  into the region;

• Seattle Tacoma Airport, Washington – the largest and busiest airport serving the region.
• Vancouver Airport – located on Vancouver Island, it is Canada's second-largest airport and serves destinations from across the globe. 
• Victoria International Airport – More than 50 flights a day connect Victoria with Vancouver International Airport, Seattle-Tacoma Airport and several other major cities throughout Canada and the US. 
• Bellingham International Airport, located 50 miles north of San Juans.

Popular San Juans airports include  Anacortes , Fidalgo Island , Friday Harbor , San Juan Island and Orcas Island. 

For Alaska-bound flights, many include a stop at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport in Seattle.

Other airports in Alaska include:

• Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport – located in Alaska's largest city, and serves both international and domestic flights into the region. This is the most popular destination for yacht charters around this stunning location.
• Fairbanks International Airport – also serves flights from across several continents although is not conveniently located close to the water.
• Juneau International Airport – located in Alaska’s capital city in the south of the region, and another popular starting off point for yacht charters. 

Flights from Seattle take about two-and-a-half hours to reach Juneau , and three-and-a-half to four hours to Anchorage and Fairbanks.

With its incredibly diverse landscape offering a wide variety of spectacular destinations, the USA remains a hugely popular destination for yacht charters. 

As a major yachting hub, there should always be a wide variety of yachts and destinations to choose from, however we do recommend booking your rental yacht well in advance of your trip to secure your perfect yacht on your preferred dates.

This will ensure your yacht broker has plenty of time to tailor an itinerary to suit you and your guests, including any nights you wish to spend in marinas. We recommend booking up to 3 months in advance to give your broker the optimum time to organize everything down to the last detail. 

For yacht charters in the Pacific Northwest;

• Desolation Sound is very calm and sheltered so not always a good option for those who like to sail.
• The San Juan islands are slightly protected from rain by the Olympic Mountains, but can still be showery at any time of the year.
• Bring warm clothes for Alaska as temperatures get very chilly, especially near the glaciers.
• Beware of large cruise ships as their wakes can be a nuisance.
• Alaska is not an ideal destination for sailing, as winds are either non-existent or southwesterlies bring uncomfortable seas.
• Some of the most beautiful anchorages around Alaska can be up to 100 ft deep.

For yacht charters on America's southwest coast;

• If you are chartering a foreign-flagged vessel or returning from Mexico, you will be required to stop at Customs on Shelter Island, where they routinely confiscate chicken, eggs, and fruit.
• It's also generally preferable to head south down the US West Coast rather than fight the winds and tides heading north.

For yacht charter itineraries that include the Bahamas

• Insurance and taxes in the Bahamas are 4%.
• Visa issues have been experienced clearing through the Bahamas.

Advice relating to all regions;

• Tips on charters in the US are often expected to be at least 20%.
• Whilst some yachts are legally permitted to charter in the US, others do not meet American fiscal requirements and so are not available for charter whilst in US waters. Please speak with a yacht broker for further advice on specific yachts that can charter in the USA.

Steeped in maritime history, this beautiful region comprises six states: Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island and Connecticut . Located in America’s Northeast and stretching nearly 3,500 miles from top to bottom, this area has been a drawcard with sailing elites for centuries. Characterized by its craggy coastline, rocky peaks of the Appalachian Mountains, sand dunes, lighthouses, forested mountains and vibrant autumn foliage, New England is the perfect yacht charter destination for those who enjoy sailing, history and culture – where picture-perfect bays and charming portside towns adorned with beautiful architecture abound.

Most New England yacht charters start off in Newport Rhode Island , which enjoys convenient transport links and easy access to the marinas. Often heralded as the birthplace of yachting and home of America’s Cup challenger series, Newport is one of the most popular summer havens in the US, especially for the East Coast’s smartest families, who come to enjoy the gilded mansions, myriad mouthwatering seafood restaurants, glamorous yacht clubs and endless oceanside views that typifies this gloriously rich historic town. Head over to Block Island, known for its laid-back lifestyle, historic lighthouses and the beautiful Black Rock beach , perfectly suited for a hiking expedition.

Martha’s Vineyard is an absolute must for anyone who appreciates powdery beaches, boutique art galleries and quaint wooden plank homes. Anchor at the enchanting island of Cuttyhunk in Vineyard Sound, with its rich history and lovely beaches. Don’t miss Nantucket , located east of Martha’s Vineyard , home to the Whaling Museum where you can discover the island’s intriguing culture and history as a 19th-century global whaling hub. Another famous summer destination is Cape Cod , a rather apt hook-shaped promontory north of Nantucket, and a favorite residence of the Kennedy’s, known for its beautiful beaches and laid-back lifestyle, as well as being the fictional location for Jaws!

And perhaps, no New England yacht charter would be complete without a trip to New York , where you can cruise past its illustrious towering skyline and take in the majestic  Statue of Liberty . Stop off at Greenwich village port renowned for its designer shops then head up Long Island Sound with its glorious miles of coastline, entertainment and some of the most expensive real estate in America. Anchor outside the Montauk Yacht Club , The Hamptons' most exclusive sailing hub.

Affectionately known as the Sunshine State , this region is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Kick things off with a trip to the hedonistic city of Miami , where you may even find yourself moored up alongside Hollywood royalty as you step off your yacht to explore this spectacular location, renowned for its luxury resorts, designer shopping, golden bronzed beaches and exclusive marinas. A visit to South Beach is an absolute must, for all things art, fashion and film. For something a little quieter, head to Biscayne Bay , a national park located south of Miami with beautiful clear aquamarine waters and stunning marine life. For those who appreciate culture, take a stroll through the Art Deco district , and gaze at the exquisite early twentieth century hotels and architecture. 

Head south to experience the spectacular Florida Keys , a stunning archipelago of 800 or so islands protected by America’s only living coral reef, dotted like a “jade necklace” south towards the turquoise waters of the Bahamas. Key Largo , situated between the everglades and coral reef, is a bustling retreat from the mainland, offering diving, fishing, and great restaurants. Take a high-speed airboat trip around the Everglades , where you may spot an alligator or crocodile peeking out from the reeds. Don’t miss Key West , where history and tradition meet natural beauty and serenity. Key West is known for its year-round balmy temperatures, palm-lined streets and tropical gardens, as well as for its boutique shops, art galleries and delectable restaurants and cafes. Don’t miss a visit to the American writer Ernest Hemingway’s home , a short hop across from the Key West lighthouse . These islands provide a convenient jumping-off point for itineraries including the  Bahamas and the   Caribbean .  

Related:  The Coolest Neighbourhoods to Explore on Your Miami Yacht Charter

Neighboring Regions:

Starting from Bimini island , just 45 miles south of Miami, and stretching all the way south to Turks and Caicos , Bahamas is an oasis island chain of 700 picturesque islands fringed by powder-white sands and see-through aquamarine waters, bordered by one of the world’s greatest barrier reefs. These glorious islands offer endless miles of relaxed cruising around shallow waters, where marine life surrounds you, tempting you into the clear warm waters to explore its fascinating kaleidoscopic underwater world.

We recommend a stop at the Abacos , a string of sandy keys to the west of Florida, offering a paradisical adventure of a lifetime. Treasure Cay is also home to one of National Geographic's top 10 beaches. Don't miss Fowl Cay for fantastic snorkeling, marine parks and near-perfect beaches. Harbour Island further south boasts fantastic dining options, beaches, as well as a tropical garden. For some amazing snorkeling and diving, head for Pelican Cays National Park , renowned for its spectacular coral and sea life where you will witness giant starfish dotted along the sandy bottom for miles.

Your trip around the Bahamas wouldn't be complete without a trip to the breathtaking Exumas , offering hundreds of exquisite anchorages and also home of the famous swimming pigs.

The Pacific Northwest can be characterised by its sublime mountainous scenery, spectacular wildlife and lush forested islands, so it's hardly surprising that it is one of the most sought-after yacht charter regions in the world.

A hugely popular destination is the San Juans Islands : aptly nicknamed the “Virgin Islands of the North” and located south of the US/Canada border. Here the pace of life is slower, where friendly locals welcome you as you attempt to reconcile yourself with the mesmerizing scenery around you. Favorite areas in the region include the picturesque Orcas Island , the largest of the San Juans, where you can trek the tallest mountain in the archipelago – Mount Constitution – rising skyward for nearly half-a-mile. The 360º views at the top are well worth the effort! Another must-see is the delightful San Juan Island , with its delectable restaurants and bustling markets. Take a stroll through the exquisite Victorian gardens, or discover the island’s fascinating historical site of confrontation between British and American troops in 1859. 

Head north to the spectacular Desolation Sound , where intense serene tranquility awaits. This area is considered one of America’s finest cruising grounds, where calm, sheltered waters teem with fish; oyster, clams, prawns, salmon and cod. Enjoy a spot of fishing off the back of the yacht and afterward your chef can prepare your catch for dinner onboard! There are numerous marine parks in the area with plenty of stunning anchorages. Step ashore for a lovely walk in the woods, where you could encounter a herd of elk, soaring eagles or even a grizzly – so don't forget to pack your bear spray! 

Sunshine coast & Jervis Inlet is another breathtaking location comprising 13 marine parks offering total seclusion, majestic scenery, stunning anchorages, excellent dining options and fantastic yacht facilities. Don't miss the phenomenal Princess Louisa Inlet and Chatterbox Falls; a  scenic granite-walled gorge of cascading waterfalls that has to be seen to be believed. Gibson’s Landing is a quaint seaside village overlooked by the towering mountains where you will find a charming bustling town, art galleries, museums and restaurants, marina and mooring facilities. Further afield, be sure to visit Halfmoon bay , Sargeant Bay  and Thormanby Islands , characterized by their tiny coves and blissfully quiet anchorages.

America's largest state, lying on the Arctic Circle separated from its own country by Canada, is well-known for its unparalleled visually dramatic scenes, breaching whales, calving glaciers and majestic mountains, not to mention its undeniably breathtaking dramatic midnight sunsets. Anyone visiting the region will also be able to get up close to some of nature's most magnificent animals, such as humpback whales, orcas, caribou and majestic soaring eagles. There are endless beautiful spots to visit, and wherever you are you will not be disappointed during a yacht charter in Alaska .

Glacier Bay is a particular favorite destination for yacht charters, where you can park up and witness thunderous icebergs births, as well as also enjoy skiing, whitewater rafting and spectacular helicopter picnics on top of a glacier.

Try your hand at King Salmon fishing outside of Sitka , fly over the Mendenhall Glacier near Juneau or float through endlessly beautiful Frederick Sound spotting breaching humpback whales. Red Bluff Bay , known for its towering mountains, waterfalls and glistening ice fields, is also home to the region's brown bears who feast on salmon here every August.

Stretching from San Francisco down to Newport Beach , San Diego and into Baja California, this region is best characterized by its endless miles of beautiful beaches and wild rugged shoreline, where you can appreciate its spectacular beauty from the water as you witness breaching whales and dolphins darting across the wake of your yacht as they make their journey towards the warmer waters of Mexico . 

Start your yacht charter in San Francisco ’s natural vast harbor, and watch the dolphins and sea lions frolic in the surf. Unhampered views of the  Golden Gate Bridge are sure to make your charter already feel special. Take the tender ashore to experience the heady bustle of Fisherman’s Wharf , and don’t miss a spine-chilling trip around Alcatraz Prison . We also recommend a trip to Muir Woods , where you can take in the spectacular sight of hundreds of gigantic 1000-year-old redwoods, a truly unmissable event. 

Head north to Point Reyes National Seashore Reserve , and enjoy a hike around beautiful wind-swept rocky bluffs and secluded golden beaches. Due east of Point Reyes, you’ll find California’s world-class Napa Valley wine region , where you can spend the day tasting some of the world’s finest wines in the California sun against the stunning backdrop of the hillside vineyards.

Follow the wind and tides down past Santa Cruz and take shelter in the scalloped bay encircling the beautiful town of Monterey , a bustling waterfront offering plenty of dining options where you can enjoy the local specialty of freshly caught squid. Don’t miss the Monterey Aquarium , one of the best on the West Coast.

If you are intending to include the stunning Baja California in your itinerary, where better than to kick things off in the eternally glamorous city of Los Angeles , where convenient transport links, not to mention some of the finest restaurants and bars in America, will prove a great starting point for your yacht charter. Take a stroll along Redondo Beach , Los Angeles’ hidden gem, before heading back to your yacht. Cruise to Newport Beach just off the coast of Los Angeles, the renowned playground for mega yachts and Hollywood royalty. If you’ve booked ahead, moor up at Newport Beach Club, one of the oldest in the US, and take a stroll across the bridge to Balboa Island , where nostalgically charming cottages with white picket fences, saltwater taffy shops and wooden ice-cream parlors abound. 

Across the water you’ll find the beautiful Santa Catalina Island , where crystal clear waters make the perfect spot for a picnic, followed by a swim and some snorkeling around the reef, where you will find an abundance of fascinating marine life. 

Further south you'll be sure of a warm welcome in  San Diego , with gorgeous sandy beaches and a plethora of parkland. Visit Redwood National Park where you can discover the world’s tallest trees. Of course, a trip to San Diego wouldn’t be complete without stops at San Diego Zoo and SeaWorld , where you can get up close and personal with some of their friendly killer whales!

If you have time, cruise down into Baja California , the world’s second-longest peninsula, where you will find yourself transported to a world of wild untamed beauty and romantic sunsets, where condors swoop on thermals high up in vast washed out skies, and nights are spent under a wide canopy of twinkling stars. Simply heaven.

Acadia National Park, Maine : a stunning rocky headland with a rich cultural heritage, featuring some of the highest mountains along the Atlantic Coast.

Everglades National Park, Florida : a unique tropical wilderness with UNESCO Biosphere status, where you can explore its vast network of wetlands and forests.

Universal Orlando Resort, Florida : the ultimate theme park for kids, big and small!

Museum of Modern Art, New York : boasting some of the world's finest collections of contemporary art.

Bunker Hill Monument, Massachusetts : a 221-foot towering obelisk commemorating one of the first major battles between British and Patriot forces in the American Revolutionary War in 1775. 

San Diego Zoo, California : located in the beautiful Balboa Park, the zoo boasts over 12,000 animals of more than 650 species and subspecies. 

Mendenhall Glacier, Alaska : spectacular 13 miles long glacier located in southeast Alaska, in the Mendenhall Valley.

Lido Key Beach, Florida : exquisite white-sand beach lapped by turquoise waters, located on Barrier Island off the coast of Florida.

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50m   Trinity Yachts

from $200,000 p/week

Chantal Ma Vie

from $480,000 p/w eek

Utopia IV 12

63m Rossinavi

from $505,000 p/w eek

Blue Moon 12

60m Feadship

60m   2005/2021

from $395,000 p/w eek

Unbridled 12

58m Trinity Yachts

58m   2009/2019

from $295,000 p/w eek

58m Feadship

58m   2013/2020

from $450,000 p/w eek

Starship 12

56m Delta Marine

56m   2001/2021

from $275,000 p/w eek

Chantal Ma Vie 12

55m Feadship

55m   1993/2017

from $245,000 p/w eek

Aspen Alternative 10

50m Trinity Yachts

50m   2010/2022

from $199,000 p/w eek

Ocean Club 12

50m   2009/2021

from $180,000 p/w eek

50m   2008/2018

from $200,000 p/w eek

Lady Elaine 9 6 12

50m Christensen

from $225,000 p/w eek

Remember When 12

49m Christensen

49m   2011/2022

from $230,000 p/w eek

Zoom Zoom Zoom 10

49m Trinity Yachts

49m   2005/2016

from $175,000 p/w eek

48m Christensen

48m   2005/2022

Mirabella 11

48m Trinity Yachts

48m   2004/2019

from $165,000 p/w eek

Miss Christine 11

48m   2006/2022

from $160,000 p/w eek

Alessandra III 12

47m Sunseeker

47m   2016/2022

from $231,000 p/w eek

47m Delta Marine

47m   2007/2019

from $179,500 p/w eek

46m Delta Marine

46m   2009/2014

46m   2009/2021

from $125,000 p/w eek

Aquanova 10

46m Palmer Johnson

46m   2007/2021

46m Cheoy Lee

46m   2010/2023

from $99,500 p/w eek

from $135,000 p/w eek

44m Van Mill

44m   1988/2020

from $120,000 p/w eek

Aquasition 10

43m Trinity Yachts

43m   2010/2022

from $150,000 p/w eek

Rising Dawn 12

43m Gulf Craft

Antelope IV 10

43m Italyachts

43m   2012/2021

from $140,000 p/w eek

43m Eastern Shipbuilding

from $68,000 p/w eek

Blue Devil 10

42m AB Yachts

42m   2007/2022

from $130,000 p/w eek

Douce France 12

42m Alu Marine

42m   1998/2021

from $111,000 p/w eek ♦︎

Serenity 12

41m IAG Yachts

41m   2016/2023

from $145,000 p/w eek

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Rule No.1 12

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40m   2011/2023

Serengeti 12

40m   2002/2014

39m Northcoast Yachts

from $110,000 p/w eek

Impetuous 10

39m   2003/2024

from $105,000 p/w eek

38m Feadship

38m   1978/2019

from $95,000 p/w eek

Leverage 10

38m Palmer Johnson

38m   2003/2023

Persistence 10

38m Gulf Craft

38m   2017/2022

Sacajawea 12

38m Lake Washington Shipyard

from $70,000 p/w eek

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38m   1979/2023

from $69,000 p/w eek

38m Broward

38m   2007/2019

from $85,000 p/w eek

37m Palmer Johnson

37m   2006/2016

Temptation 8

37m   2005/2023

Gale Winds 8

37m Delta Marine

37m   1997/2022

37m Flagship

37m   1993/2017

Lady Victoria 8

37m Feadship

37m   1991/2022

from $72,000 p/w eek

Real Summertime 12

37m Sovereign Yachts

37m   2000/2022

Safari Quest 22

37m Shear Yachts

37m   1992/2005

from $222,100 p/w eek

36m Ocean Alexander

36m Intermarine

36m   2001/2023

from $77,000 p/w eek

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35m   1987/2022

Entrepreneur 10

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Renaissance 10

35m Hargrave

from $90,000 p/w eek

Summertime II 8

35m Hatteras

35m   1997/2022

from $84,000 p/w eek

35m   2008/2023

from $55,000 p/w eek

35m Brooks Motor Craft

35m   1939/2016

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Scott Free 8

35m President

from $49,500 p/w eek

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34m Sanlorenzo

Braveheart 8

34m Westport Yachts

34m   2006/2022

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34m   2007/2022

34m   2003/2021

from $65,000 p/w eek

Island Girl 8

34m   2000/2017

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USA Yacht Charter Q&A

Whilst some yachts are legally permitted to charter in the US, others do not meet American fiscal requirements and so are not available for charter whilst in US waters.  Many charter yachts are foreign flag vessels and don't qualify.

Please speak with a yacht charter broker  for further information on specific yachts that can charter in US Waters.

Where to begin your yacht charter depends on your chosen destination in this hugely diverse continent. For New England yacht charters, the popular option is Newport, Rhode Island, an all-American yachting hub boasting picturesque harbours, gilded-age mansions and chic yacht clubs. 

For Florida yacht charters, the glamorous city of Miami tends to be the preferred jumping off point. Alternatively, yacht charters can begin in Nassau, Bahamas before making their way up the Florida Keys to finish up in Florida. With a raft of international airports at your disposal, along with world-class cruising areas, the choice is really up to you.

For yacht charters on the southwest coast, a popular starting point is in the beautiful harbor of San Francisco, where views of the Golden Gate Bridge greet you as you fly in. For charters in the Pacific northwest region, most yacht charters incorporate either the breathtaking San Juan Islands or the scenic splendor of Alaska further north, with most international flights routing through the main hub Seattle for both destinations, with smaller charter flights operating out from here.

There are myriad yachts available for charter in America, which come in all shapes and sizes, from speedy planing models to luxury mega yachts and everything in between.

The costs will vary depending on your chosen destination and time of year, so be sure to contact your yacht broker well in advance who can help you secure your perfect yacht and itinerary, including any nights you wish to spend in marinas.

The best time to visit during your yacht charter really depends on your destination;

New England – May-September, although shoulder months are a great time to avoid the crowds. 

Florida – November-April. Be sure to avoid the hurricane season from July-October. 

Southwest – May-November, although this region can be enjoyed all year round.

Pacific Northwest – June-September, although shoulder months of May and early October are also worth considering.

To give you an idea of which yachts are available, you can browse the complete fleet of North American charter yachts on our site. If you make an enquiry, a yacht charter broker will be in touch to provide you with a custom charter proposal based on your requirements.

Alternatively, please speak with your preferred yacht charter broker , who can help you find the ideal yacht and itinerary for you and your charter party. 

Speak with your yacht broker who can arrange to secure your chosen yacht on your selected dates. Your broker will then draw up a legally binding agreement for you both to sign, along with the yacht owner and captain. 

Depending on the type of contract, usually a standard agreement with terms applicable to the destination, you will be required to pay 50% of the base charter fee, plus a further 25-30% to cover additional costs incurred whilst on charter, such as fuel, food and drink and marina fees. 

To find out more, read our guide on yacht charter costs , which details the costs involved when booking a yacht charter. For more information, please speak with a  yacht broker . 

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research proposal review of literature example

15 Literature Review Examples

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

Learn about our Editorial Process

Literature reviews are a necessary step in a research process and often required when writing your research proposal . They involve gathering, analyzing, and evaluating existing knowledge about a topic in order to find gaps in the literature where future studies will be needed.

Ideally, once you have completed your literature review, you will be able to identify how your research project can build upon and extend existing knowledge in your area of study.

Generally, for my undergraduate research students, I recommend a narrative review, where themes can be generated in order for the students to develop sufficient understanding of the topic so they can build upon the themes using unique methods or novel research questions.

If you’re in the process of writing a literature review, I have developed a literature review template for you to use – it’s a huge time-saver and walks you through how to write a literature review step-by-step:

Get your time-saving templates here to write your own literature review.

Literature Review Examples

For the following types of literature review, I present an explanation and overview of the type, followed by links to some real-life literature reviews on the topics.

1. Narrative Review Examples

Also known as a traditional literature review, the narrative review provides a broad overview of the studies done on a particular topic.

It often includes both qualitative and quantitative studies and may cover a wide range of years.

The narrative review’s purpose is to identify commonalities, gaps, and contradictions in the literature .

I recommend to my students that they should gather their studies together, take notes on each study, then try to group them by themes that form the basis for the review (see my step-by-step instructions at the end of the article).

Example Study

Title: Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations

Citation: Vermeir, P., Vandijck, D., Degroote, S., Peleman, R., Verhaeghe, R., Mortier, E., … & Vogelaers, D. (2015). Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations. International journal of clinical practice , 69 (11), 1257-1267.

Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ijcp.12686  

Overview: This narrative review analyzed themes emerging from 69 articles about communication in healthcare contexts. Five key themes were found in the literature: poor communication can lead to various negative outcomes, discontinuity of care, compromise of patient safety, patient dissatisfaction, and inefficient use of resources. After presenting the key themes, the authors recommend that practitioners need to approach healthcare communication in a more structured way, such as by ensuring there is a clear understanding of who is in charge of ensuring effective communication in clinical settings.

Other Examples

• Burnout in United States Healthcare Professionals: A Narrative Review (Reith, 2018) – read here
• Examining the Presence, Consequences, and Reduction of Implicit Bias in Health Care: A Narrative Review (Zestcott, Blair & Stone, 2016) – read here
• A Narrative Review of School-Based Physical Activity for Enhancing Cognition and Learning (Mavilidi et al., 2018) – read here
• A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents (Dyrbye & Shanafelt, 2015) – read here

2. Systematic Review Examples

This type of literature review is more structured and rigorous than a narrative review. It involves a detailed and comprehensive plan and search strategy derived from a set of specified research questions.

The key way you’d know a systematic review compared to a narrative review is in the methodology: the systematic review will likely have a very clear criteria for how the studies were collected, and clear explanations of exclusion/inclusion criteria. 

The goal is to gather the maximum amount of valid literature on the topic, filter out invalid or low-quality reviews, and minimize bias. Ideally, this will provide more reliable findings, leading to higher-quality conclusions and recommendations for further research.

You may note from the examples below that the ‘method’ sections in systematic reviews tend to be much more explicit, often noting rigid inclusion/exclusion criteria and exact keywords used in searches.

Title: The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review  

Citation: Roman, S., Sánchez-Siles, L. M., & Siegrist, M. (2017). The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review. Trends in food science & technology , 67 , 44-57.

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092422441730122X  

Overview: This systematic review included 72 studies of food naturalness to explore trends in the literature about its importance for consumers. Keywords used in the data search included: food, naturalness, natural content, and natural ingredients. Studies were included if they examined consumers’ preference for food naturalness and contained empirical data. The authors found that the literature lacks clarity about how naturalness is defined and measured, but also found that food consumption is significantly influenced by perceived naturalness of goods.

• A systematic review of research on online teaching and learning from 2009 to 2018 (Martin, Sun & Westine, 2020) – read here
• Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology? (Yli-Huumo et al., 2016) – read here
• Universities—industry collaboration: A systematic review (Ankrah & Al-Tabbaa, 2015) – read here
• Internet of Things Applications: A Systematic Review (Asghari, Rahmani & Javadi, 2019) – read here

3. Meta-analysis

This is a type of systematic review that uses statistical methods to combine and summarize the results of several studies.

Due to its robust methodology, a meta-analysis is often considered the ‘gold standard’ of secondary research , as it provides a more precise estimate of a treatment effect than any individual study contributing to the pooled analysis.

Furthermore, by aggregating data from a range of studies, a meta-analysis can identify patterns, disagreements, or other interesting relationships that may have been hidden in individual studies.

This helps to enhance the generalizability of findings, making the conclusions drawn from a meta-analysis particularly powerful and informative for policy and practice.

Title: Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: A Meta-Meta-Analysis

Citation: Sáiz-Vazquez, O., Puente-Martínez, A., Ubillos-Landa, S., Pacheco-Bonrostro, J., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease risk: a meta-meta-analysis. Brain sciences, 10(6), 386.

Source: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060386  

O verview: This study examines the relationship between cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Researchers conducted a systematic search of meta-analyses and reviewed several databases, collecting 100 primary studies and five meta-analyses to analyze the connection between cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease. They find that the literature compellingly demonstrates that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly influence the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

• The power of feedback revisited: A meta-analysis of educational feedback research (Wisniewski, Zierer & Hattie, 2020) – read here
• How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis (Ritchie & Tucker-Drob, 2018) – read here
• A meta-analysis of factors related to recycling (Geiger et al., 2019) – read here
• Stress management interventions for police officers and recruits (Patterson, Chung & Swan, 2014) – read here

Other Types of Reviews

• Scoping Review: This type of review is used to map the key concepts underpinning a research area and the main sources and types of evidence available. It can be undertaken as stand-alone projects in their own right, or as a precursor to a systematic review.
• Rapid Review: This type of review accelerates the systematic review process in order to produce information in a timely manner. This is achieved by simplifying or omitting stages of the systematic review process.
• Integrative Review: This review method is more inclusive than others, allowing for the simultaneous inclusion of experimental and non-experimental research. The goal is to more comprehensively understand a particular phenomenon.
• Critical Review: This is similar to a narrative review but requires a robust understanding of both the subject and the existing literature. In a critical review, the reviewer not only summarizes the existing literature, but also evaluates its strengths and weaknesses. This is common in the social sciences and humanities .
• State-of-the-Art Review: This considers the current level of advancement in a field or topic and makes recommendations for future research directions. This type of review is common in technological and scientific fields but can be applied to any discipline.

How to Write a Narrative Review (Tips for Undergrad Students)

Most undergraduate students conducting a capstone research project will be writing narrative reviews. Below is a five-step process for conducting a simple review of the literature for your project.

• Search for Relevant Literature: Use scholarly databases related to your field of study, provided by your university library, along with appropriate search terms to identify key scholarly articles that have been published on your topic.
• Evaluate and Select Sources: Filter the source list by selecting studies that are directly relevant and of sufficient quality, considering factors like credibility , objectivity, accuracy, and validity.
• Analyze and Synthesize: Review each source and summarize the main arguments  in one paragraph (or more, for postgrad). Keep these summaries in a table.
• Identify Themes: With all studies summarized, group studies that share common themes, such as studies that have similar findings or methodologies.
• Write the Review: Write your review based upon the themes or subtopics you have identified. Give a thorough overview of each theme, integrating source data, and conclude with a summary of the current state of knowledge then suggestions for future research based upon your evaluation of what is lacking in the literature.

Literature reviews don’t have to be as scary as they seem. Yes, they are difficult and require a strong degree of comprehension of academic studies. But it can be feasibly done through following a structured approach to data collection and analysis. With my undergraduate research students (who tend to conduct small-scale qualitative studies ), I encourage them to conduct a narrative literature review whereby they can identify key themes in the literature. Within each theme, students can critique key studies and their strengths and limitations , in order to get a lay of the land and come to a point where they can identify ways to contribute new insights to the existing academic conversation on their topic.

Ankrah, S., & Omar, A. T. (2015). Universities–industry collaboration: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(3), 387-408.

Asghari, P., Rahmani, A. M., & Javadi, H. H. S. (2019). Internet of Things applications: A systematic review. Computer Networks , 148 , 241-261.

Dyrbye, L., & Shanafelt, T. (2016). A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents. Medical education , 50 (1), 132-149.

Geiger, J. L., Steg, L., Van Der Werff, E., & Ünal, A. B. (2019). A meta-analysis of factors related to recycling. Journal of environmental psychology , 64 , 78-97.

Martin, F., Sun, T., & Westine, C. D. (2020). A systematic review of research on online teaching and learning from 2009 to 2018. Computers & education , 159 , 104009.

Mavilidi, M. F., Ruiter, M., Schmidt, M., Okely, A. D., Loyens, S., Chandler, P., & Paas, F. (2018). A narrative review of school-based physical activity for enhancing cognition and learning: The importance of relevancy and integration. Frontiers in psychology , 2079.

Patterson, G. T., Chung, I. W., & Swan, P. W. (2014). Stress management interventions for police officers and recruits: A meta-analysis. Journal of experimental criminology , 10 , 487-513.

Reith, T. P. (2018). Burnout in United States healthcare professionals: a narrative review. Cureus , 10 (12).

Ritchie, S. J., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2018). How much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysis. Psychological science , 29 (8), 1358-1369.

Roman, S., Sánchez-Siles, L. M., & Siegrist, M. (2017). The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review. Trends in food science & technology , 67 , 44-57.

Sáiz-Vazquez, O., Puente-Martínez, A., Ubillos-Landa, S., Pacheco-Bonrostro, J., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease risk: a meta-meta-analysis. Brain sciences, 10(6), 386.

Vermeir, P., Vandijck, D., Degroote, S., Peleman, R., Verhaeghe, R., Mortier, E., … & Vogelaers, D. (2015). Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations. International journal of clinical practice , 69 (11), 1257-1267.

Wisniewski, B., Zierer, K., & Hattie, J. (2020). The power of feedback revisited: A meta-analysis of educational feedback research. Frontiers in Psychology , 10 , 3087.

Yli-Huumo, J., Ko, D., Choi, S., Park, S., & Smolander, K. (2016). Where is current research on blockchain technology?—a systematic review. PloS one , 11 (10), e0163477.

Zestcott, C. A., Blair, I. V., & Stone, J. (2016). Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: a narrative review. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , 19 (4), 528-542

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HOW TO WRITE A LITERATURE REVIEW IN A PROPOSAL/THESIS: A CONVERSATION WITH A PURPOSE

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What is a Literature Review? How to Write It (with Examples)

A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and highlights key findings in the literature. 1 The purpose of a literature review is to situate your own research within the context of existing scholarship, demonstrating your understanding of the topic and showing how your work contributes to the ongoing conversation in the field. Learning how to write a literature review is a critical tool for successful research. Your ability to summarize and synthesize prior research pertaining to a certain topic demonstrates your grasp on the topic of study, and assists in the learning process. 

Table of Contents

What is the purpose of literature review , a. habitat loss and species extinction: , b. range shifts and phenological changes: , c. ocean acidification and coral reefs: , d. adaptive strategies and conservation efforts: .

• Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question: 
• Decide on the Scope of Your Review: 
• Select Databases for Searches: 
• Conduct Searches and Keep Track: 
• Review the Literature: 
• Organize and Write Your Literature Review: 
• How to write a literature review faster with Paperpal? 

Frequently asked questions 

What is a literature review .

A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the existing literature, establishes the context for their own research, and contributes to scholarly conversations on the topic. One of the purposes of a literature review is also to help researchers avoid duplicating previous work and ensure that their research is informed by and builds upon the existing body of knowledge.

A literature review serves several important purposes within academic and research contexts. Here are some key objectives and functions of a literature review: 2  

1. Contextualizing the Research Problem: The literature review provides a background and context for the research problem under investigation. It helps to situate the study within the existing body of knowledge. 

2. Identifying Gaps in Knowledge: By identifying gaps, contradictions, or areas requiring further research, the researcher can shape the research question and justify the significance of the study. This is crucial for ensuring that the new research contributes something novel to the field.

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3. Understanding Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks: Literature reviews help researchers gain an understanding of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks used in previous studies. This aids in the development of a theoretical framework for the current research. 

4. Providing Methodological Insights: Another purpose of literature reviews is that it allows researchers to learn about the methodologies employed in previous studies. This can help in choosing appropriate research methods for the current study and avoiding pitfalls that others may have encountered. 

5. Establishing Credibility: A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with existing scholarship, establishing their credibility and expertise in the field. It also helps in building a solid foundation for the new research. 

6. Informing Hypotheses or Research Questions: The literature review guides the formulation of hypotheses or research questions by highlighting relevant findings and areas of uncertainty in existing literature. 

Literature review example 

Let’s delve deeper with a literature review example: Let’s say your literature review is about the impact of climate change on biodiversity. You might format your literature review into sections such as the effects of climate change on habitat loss and species extinction, phenological changes, and marine biodiversity. Each section would then summarize and analyze relevant studies in those areas, highlighting key findings and identifying gaps in the research. The review would conclude by emphasizing the need for further research on specific aspects of the relationship between climate change and biodiversity. The following literature review template provides a glimpse into the recommended literature review structure and content, demonstrating how research findings are organized around specific themes within a broader topic. 

Literature Review on Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity:  

Climate change is a global phenomenon with far-reaching consequences, including significant impacts on biodiversity. This literature review synthesizes key findings from various studies: 

Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns contribute to habitat loss, affecting numerous species (Thomas et al., 2004). The review discusses how these changes increase the risk of extinction, particularly for species with specific habitat requirements. 

Observations of range shifts and changes in the timing of biological events (phenology) are documented in response to changing climatic conditions (Parmesan & Yohe, 2003). These shifts affect ecosystems and may lead to mismatches between species and their resources. 

The review explores the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, emphasizing ocean acidification’s threat to coral reefs (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). Changes in pH levels negatively affect coral calcification, disrupting the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. 

Recognizing the urgency of the situation, the literature review discusses various adaptive strategies adopted by species and conservation efforts aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change on biodiversity (Hannah et al., 2007). It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches for effective conservation planning. 

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How to write a good literature review 

Writing a literature review involves summarizing and synthesizing existing research on a particular topic. A good literature review format should include the following elements. 

Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for your literature review, providing context and introducing the main focus of your review. 

• Opening Statement: Begin with a general statement about the broader topic and its significance in the field. 
• Scope and Purpose: Clearly define the scope of your literature review. Explain the specific research question or objective you aim to address. 
• Organizational Framework: Briefly outline the structure of your literature review, indicating how you will categorize and discuss the existing research. 
• Significance of the Study: Highlight why your literature review is important and how it contributes to the understanding of the chosen topic. 
• Thesis Statement: Conclude the introduction with a concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or perspective you will develop in the body of the literature review. 

Body: The body of the literature review is where you provide a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, grouping studies based on themes, methodologies, or other relevant criteria. 

• Organize by Theme or Concept: Group studies that share common themes, concepts, or methodologies. Discuss each theme or concept in detail, summarizing key findings and identifying gaps or areas of disagreement. 
• Critical Analysis: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each study. Discuss the methodologies used, the quality of evidence, and the overall contribution of each work to the understanding of the topic. 
• Synthesis of Findings: Synthesize the information from different studies to highlight trends, patterns, or areas of consensus in the literature. 
• Identification of Gaps: Discuss any gaps or limitations in the existing research and explain how your review contributes to filling these gaps. 
• Transition between Sections: Provide smooth transitions between different themes or concepts to maintain the flow of your literature review. 

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Conclusion: The conclusion of your literature review should summarize the main findings, highlight the contributions of the review, and suggest avenues for future research. 

• Summary of Key Findings: Recap the main findings from the literature and restate how they contribute to your research question or objective. 
• Contributions to the Field: Discuss the overall contribution of your literature review to the existing knowledge in the field. 
• Implications and Applications: Explore the practical implications of the findings and suggest how they might impact future research or practice. 
• Recommendations for Future Research: Identify areas that require further investigation and propose potential directions for future research in the field. 
• Final Thoughts: Conclude with a final reflection on the importance of your literature review and its relevance to the broader academic community. 

Conducting a literature review 

Conducting a literature review is an essential step in research that involves reviewing and analyzing existing literature on a specific topic. It’s important to know how to do a literature review effectively, so here are the steps to follow: 1  

Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question:  

• Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study. 
• Clearly define your research question or objective. Determine what specific aspect of the topic do you want to explore? 

Decide on the Scope of Your Review:  

• Determine the timeframe for your literature review. Are you focusing on recent developments, or do you want a historical overview? 
• Consider the geographical scope. Is your review global, or are you focusing on a specific region? 
• Define the inclusion and exclusion criteria. What types of sources will you include? Are there specific types of studies or publications you will exclude? 

Select Databases for Searches:  

• Identify relevant databases for your field. Examples include PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. 
• Consider searching in library catalogs, institutional repositories, and specialized databases related to your topic. 

Conduct Searches and Keep Track:  

• Develop a systematic search strategy using keywords, Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT), and other search techniques. 
• Record and document your search strategy for transparency and replicability. 
• Keep track of the articles, including publication details, abstracts, and links. Use citation management tools like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley to organize your references. 

Review the Literature:  

• Evaluate the relevance and quality of each source. Consider the methodology, sample size, and results of studies. 
• Organize the literature by themes or key concepts. Identify patterns, trends, and gaps in the existing research. 
• Summarize key findings and arguments from each source. Compare and contrast different perspectives. 
• Identify areas where there is a consensus in the literature and where there are conflicting opinions. 
• Provide critical analysis and synthesis of the literature. What are the strengths and weaknesses of existing research? 

Organize and Write Your Literature Review:  

• Literature review outline should be based on themes, chronological order, or methodological approaches. 
• Write a clear and coherent narrative that synthesizes the information gathered. 
• Use proper citations for each source and ensure consistency in your citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). 
• Conclude your literature review by summarizing key findings, identifying gaps, and suggesting areas for future research. 

Whether you’re exploring a new research field or finding new angles to develop an existing topic, sifting through hundreds of papers can take more time than you have to spare. But what if you could find science-backed insights with verified citations in seconds? That’s the power of Paperpal’s new Research feature!  

How to write a literature review faster with Paperpal?  

Paperpal, an AI writing assistant, integrates powerful academic search capabilities within its writing platform. With the Research | Cite feature, you get 100% factual insights, with citations backed by 250M+ verified research articles, directly within your writing interface. It also allows you auto-cite references in 10,000+ styles and save relevant references in your Citation Library. By eliminating the need to switch tabs to find answers to all your research questions, Paperpal saves time and helps you stay focused on your writing.   

Here’s how to use the Research feature:  

• Ask a question: Get started with a new document on paperpal.com. Click on the “Research | Cite” feature and type your question in plain English. Paperpal will scour over 250 million research articles, including conference papers and preprints, to provide you with accurate insights and citations. 

• Review and Save: Paperpal summarizes the information, while citing sources and listing relevant reads. You can quickly scan the results to identify relevant references and save these directly to your built-in citations library for later access. 
• Cite with Confidence: Paperpal makes it easy to incorporate relevant citations and references in 10,000+ styles into your writing, ensuring your arguments are well-supported by credible sources. This translates to a polished, well-researched literature review. 

The literature review sample and detailed advice on writing and conducting a review will help you produce a well-structured report. But remember that a good literature review is an ongoing process, and it may be necessary to revisit and update it as your research progresses. By combining effortless research with an easy citation process, Paperpal Research streamlines the literature review process and empowers you to write faster and with more confidence. Try Paperpal Research now and see for yourself.  

A literature review is a critical and comprehensive analysis of existing literature (published and unpublished works) on a specific topic or research question and provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge in a particular field. A well-conducted literature review is crucial for researchers to build upon existing knowledge, avoid duplication of efforts, and contribute to the advancement of their field. It also helps researchers situate their work within a broader context and facilitates the development of a sound theoretical and conceptual framework for their studies.

Literature review is a crucial component of research writing, providing a solid background for a research paper’s investigation. The aim is to keep professionals up to date by providing an understanding of ongoing developments within a specific field, including research methods, and experimental techniques used in that field, and present that knowledge in the form of a written report. Also, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the scholar in his or her field.  

Before writing a literature review, it’s essential to undertake several preparatory steps to ensure that your review is well-researched, organized, and focused. This includes choosing a topic of general interest to you and doing exploratory research on that topic, writing an annotated bibliography, and noting major points, especially those that relate to the position you have taken on the topic. 

Literature reviews and academic research papers are essential components of scholarly work but serve different purposes within the academic realm. 3 A literature review aims to provide a foundation for understanding the current state of research on a particular topic, identify gaps or controversies, and lay the groundwork for future research. Therefore, it draws heavily from existing academic sources, including books, journal articles, and other scholarly publications. In contrast, an academic research paper aims to present new knowledge, contribute to the academic discourse, and advance the understanding of a specific research question. Therefore, it involves a mix of existing literature (in the introduction and literature review sections) and original data or findings obtained through research methods. 

Literature reviews are essential components of academic and research papers, and various strategies can be employed to conduct them effectively. If you want to know how to write a literature review for a research paper, here are four common approaches that are often used by researchers.  Chronological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the chronological order of publication. It helps to trace the development of a topic over time, showing how ideas, theories, and research have evolved.  Thematic Review: Thematic reviews focus on identifying and analyzing themes or topics that cut across different studies. Instead of organizing the literature chronologically, it is grouped by key themes or concepts, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of various aspects of the topic.  Methodological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the research methods employed in different studies. It helps to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies and allows the reader to evaluate the reliability and validity of the research findings.  Theoretical Review: A theoretical review examines the literature based on the theoretical frameworks used in different studies. This approach helps to identify the key theories that have been applied to the topic and assess their contributions to the understanding of the subject.  It’s important to note that these strategies are not mutually exclusive, and a literature review may combine elements of more than one approach. The choice of strategy depends on the research question, the nature of the literature available, and the goals of the review. Additionally, other strategies, such as integrative reviews or systematic reviews, may be employed depending on the specific requirements of the research.

The literature review format can vary depending on the specific publication guidelines. However, there are some common elements and structures that are often followed. Here is a general guideline for the format of a literature review:  Introduction:   Provide an overview of the topic.  Define the scope and purpose of the literature review.  State the research question or objective.  Body:   Organize the literature by themes, concepts, or chronology.  Critically analyze and evaluate each source.  Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the studies.  Highlight any methodological limitations or biases.  Identify patterns, connections, or contradictions in the existing research.  Conclusion:   Summarize the key points discussed in the literature review.  Highlight the research gap.  Address the research question or objective stated in the introduction.  Highlight the contributions of the review and suggest directions for future research.

Both annotated bibliographies and literature reviews involve the examination of scholarly sources. While annotated bibliographies focus on individual sources with brief annotations, literature reviews provide a more in-depth, integrated, and comprehensive analysis of existing literature on a specific topic. The key differences are as follows: 

References 

• Denney, A. S., & Tewksbury, R. (2013). How to write a literature review.  Journal of criminal justice education ,  24 (2), 218-234. 
• Pan, M. L. (2016).  Preparing literature reviews: Qualitative and quantitative approaches . Taylor & Francis. 
• Cantero, C. (2019). How to write a literature review.  San José State University Writing Center . 

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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on September 5, 2024.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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See an example

Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

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As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

Cite this Scribbr article

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McCombes, S. & George, T. (2024, September 05). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved September 23, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/

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• Dissertation
• What is a Literature Review? | Guide, Template, & Examples

What is a Literature Review? | Guide, Template, & Examples

Published on 22 February 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on 7 June 2022.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research.

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarise sources – it analyses, synthesises, and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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Why write a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1: search for relevant literature, step 2: evaluate and select sources, step 3: identify themes, debates and gaps, step 4: outline your literature review’s structure, step 5: write your literature review, frequently asked questions about literature reviews, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a dissertation or thesis, you will have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position yourself in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your dissertation addresses a gap or contributes to a debate

You might also have to write a literature review as a stand-alone assignment. In this case, the purpose is to evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of scholarly debates around a topic.

The content will look slightly different in each case, but the process of conducting a literature review follows the same steps. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research objectives and questions .

If you are writing a literature review as a stand-alone assignment, you will have to choose a focus and develop a central question to direct your search. Unlike a dissertation research question, this question has to be answerable without collecting original data. You should be able to answer it based only on a review of existing publications.

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research topic. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list if you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can use boolean operators to help narrow down your search:

Read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

To identify the most important publications on your topic, take note of recurring citations. If the same authors, books or articles keep appearing in your reading, make sure to seek them out.

You probably won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on the topic – you’ll have to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your questions.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models and methods? Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• How does the publication contribute to your understanding of the topic? What are its key insights and arguments?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible, and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can find out how many times an article has been cited on Google Scholar – a high citation count means the article has been influential in the field, and should certainly be included in your literature review.

The scope of your review will depend on your topic and discipline: in the sciences you usually only review recent literature, but in the humanities you might take a long historical perspective (for example, to trace how a concept has changed in meaning over time).

Remember that you can use our template to summarise and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using!

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It’s important to keep track of your sources with references to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography, where you compile full reference information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

You can use our free APA Reference Generator for quick, correct, consistent citations.

To begin organising your literature review’s argument and structure, you need to understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly-visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat – this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organising the body of a literature review. You should have a rough idea of your strategy before you start writing.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarising sources in order.

Try to analyse patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organise your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text, your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

If you are writing the literature review as part of your dissertation or thesis, reiterate your central problem or research question and give a brief summary of the scholarly context. You can emphasise the timeliness of the topic (“many recent studies have focused on the problem of x”) or highlight a gap in the literature (“while there has been much research on x, few researchers have taken y into consideration”).

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, make sure to follow these tips:

• Summarise and synthesise: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole.
• Analyse and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers – add your own interpretations, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole.
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources.
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transitions and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts.

In the conclusion, you should summarise the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasise their significance.

If the literature review is part of your dissertation or thesis, reiterate how your research addresses gaps and contributes new knowledge, or discuss how you have drawn on existing theories and methods to build a framework for your research. This can lead directly into your methodology section.

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a dissertation , thesis, research paper , or proposal .

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarise yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your  dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

McCombes, S. (2022, June 07). What is a Literature Review? | Guide, Template, & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 23 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/literature-review/

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How To Structure Your Literature Review

3 options to help structure your chapter.

By: Amy Rommelspacher (PhD) | Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | November 2020 (Updated May 2023)

Writing the literature review chapter can seem pretty daunting when you’re piecing together your dissertation or thesis. As  we’ve discussed before , a good literature review needs to achieve a few very important objectives – it should:

• Demonstrate your knowledge of the research topic
• Identify the gaps in the literature and show how your research links to these
• Provide the foundation for your conceptual framework (if you have one)
• Inform your own  methodology and research design

To achieve this, your literature review needs a well-thought-out structure . Get the structure of your literature review chapter wrong and you’ll struggle to achieve these objectives. Don’t worry though – in this post, we’ll look at how to structure your literature review for maximum impact (and marks!).

But wait – is this the right time?

Deciding on the structure of your literature review should come towards the end of the literature review process – after you have collected and digested the literature, but before you start writing the chapter. 

In other words, you need to first develop a rich understanding of the literature before you even attempt to map out a structure. There’s no use trying to develop a structure before you’ve fully wrapped your head around the existing research.

Equally importantly, you need to have a structure in place before you start writing , or your literature review will most likely end up a rambling, disjointed mess. 

Importantly, don’t feel that once you’ve defined a structure you can’t iterate on it. It’s perfectly natural to adjust as you engage in the writing process. As we’ve discussed before , writing is a way of developing your thinking, so it’s quite common for your thinking to change – and therefore, for your chapter structure to change – as you write. 

Need a helping hand?

Like any other chapter in your thesis or dissertation, your literature review needs to have a clear, logical structure. At a minimum, it should have three essential components – an  introduction , a  body   and a  conclusion . 

Let’s take a closer look at each of these.

1: The Introduction Section

Just like any good introduction, the introduction section of your literature review should introduce the purpose and layout (organisation) of the chapter. In other words, your introduction needs to give the reader a taste of what’s to come, and how you’re going to lay that out. Essentially, you should provide the reader with a high-level roadmap of your chapter to give them a taste of the journey that lies ahead.

Here’s an example of the layout visualised in a literature review introduction:

Your introduction should also outline your topic (including any tricky terminology or jargon) and provide an explanation of the scope of your literature review – in other words, what you  will   and  won’t   be covering (the delimitations ). This helps ringfence your review and achieve a clear focus . The clearer and narrower your focus, the deeper you can dive into the topic (which is typically where the magic lies). 

Depending on the nature of your project, you could also present your stance or point of view at this stage. In other words, after grappling with the literature you’ll have an opinion about what the trends and concerns are in the field as well as what’s lacking. The introduction section can then present these ideas so that it is clear to examiners that you’re aware of how your research connects with existing knowledge .

2: The Body Section

The body of your literature review is the centre of your work. This is where you’ll present, analyse, evaluate and synthesise the existing research. In other words, this is where you’re going to earn (or lose) the most marks. Therefore, it’s important to carefully think about how you will organise your discussion to present it in a clear way. 

The body of your literature review should do just as the description of this chapter suggests. It should “review” the literature – in other words, identify, analyse, and synthesise it. So, when thinking about structuring your literature review, you need to think about which structural approach will provide the best “review” for your specific type of research and objectives (we’ll get to this shortly).

There are (broadly speaking)  three options  for organising your literature review.

Option 1: Chronological (according to date)

Organising the literature chronologically is one of the simplest ways to structure your literature review. You start with what was published first and work your way through the literature until you reach the work published most recently. Pretty straightforward.

The benefit of this option is that it makes it easy to discuss the developments and debates in the field as they emerged over time. Organising your literature chronologically also allows you to highlight how specific articles or pieces of work might have changed the course of the field – in other words, which research has had the most impact . Therefore, this approach is very useful when your research is aimed at understanding how the topic has unfolded over time and is often used by scholars in the field of history. That said, this approach can be utilised by anyone that wants to explore change over time .

For example , if a student of politics is investigating how the understanding of democracy has evolved over time, they could use the chronological approach to provide a narrative that demonstrates how this understanding has changed through the ages.

Here are some questions you can ask yourself to help you structure your literature review chronologically.

• What is the earliest literature published relating to this topic?
• How has the field changed over time? Why?
• What are the most recent discoveries/theories?

In some ways, chronology plays a part whichever way you decide to structure your literature review, because you will always, to a certain extent, be analysing how the literature has developed. However, with the chronological approach, the emphasis is very firmly on how the discussion has evolved over time , as opposed to how all the literature links together (which we’ll discuss next ).

Option 2: Thematic (grouped by theme)

The thematic approach to structuring a literature review means organising your literature by theme or category – for example, by independent variables (i.e. factors that have an impact on a specific outcome).

As you’ve been collecting and synthesising literature , you’ll likely have started seeing some themes or patterns emerging. You can then use these themes or patterns as a structure for your body discussion. The thematic approach is the most common approach and is useful for structuring literature reviews in most fields.

For example, if you were researching which factors contributed towards people trusting an organisation, you might find themes such as consumers’ perceptions of an organisation’s competence, benevolence and integrity. Structuring your literature review thematically would mean structuring your literature review’s body section to discuss each of these themes, one section at a time.

Here are some questions to ask yourself when structuring your literature review by themes:

• Are there any patterns that have come to light in the literature?
• What are the central themes and categories used by the researchers?
• Do I have enough evidence of these themes?

PS – you can see an example of a thematically structured literature review in our literature review sample walkthrough video here.

Option 3: Methodological

The methodological option is a way of structuring your literature review by the research methodologies used . In other words, organising your discussion based on the angle from which each piece of research was approached – for example, qualitative , quantitative or mixed  methodologies.

Structuring your literature review by methodology can be useful if you are drawing research from a variety of disciplines and are critiquing different methodologies. The point of this approach is to question  how  existing research has been conducted, as opposed to  what  the conclusions and/or findings the research were.

For example, a sociologist might centre their research around critiquing specific fieldwork practices. Their literature review will then be a summary of the fieldwork methodologies used by different studies.

Here are some questions you can ask yourself when structuring your literature review according to methodology:

• Which methodologies have been utilised in this field?
• Which methodology is the most popular (and why)?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the various methodologies?
• How can the existing methodologies inform my own methodology?

3: The Conclusion Section

Once you’ve completed the body section of your literature review using one of the structural approaches we discussed above, you’ll need to “wrap up” your literature review and pull all the pieces together to set the direction for the rest of your dissertation or thesis.

The conclusion is where you’ll present the key findings of your literature review. In this section, you should emphasise the research that is especially important to your research questions and highlight the gaps that exist in the literature. Based on this, you need to make it clear what you will add to the literature – in other words, justify your own research by showing how it will help fill one or more of the gaps you just identified.

Last but not least, if it’s your intention to develop a conceptual framework for your dissertation or thesis, the conclusion section is a good place to present this.

Example: Thematically Structured Review

In the video below, we unpack a literature review chapter so that you can see an example of a thematically structure review in practice.

Let’s Recap

In this article, we’ve  discussed how to structure your literature review for maximum impact. Here’s a quick recap of what  you need to keep in mind when deciding on your literature review structure:

• Just like other chapters, your literature review needs a clear introduction , body and conclusion .
• The introduction section should provide an overview of what you will discuss in your literature review.
• The body section of your literature review can be organised by chronology , theme or methodology . The right structural approach depends on what you’re trying to achieve with your research.
• The conclusion section should draw together the key findings of your literature review and link them to your research questions.

If you’re ready to get started, be sure to download our free literature review template to fast-track your chapter outline.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Literature Review Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

29 Comments

Great work. This is exactly what I was looking for and helps a lot together with your previous post on literature review. One last thing is missing: a link to a great literature chapter of an journal article (maybe with comments of the different sections in this review chapter). Do you know any great literature review chapters?

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I’m doing a research project topic ; stool analysis for parasitic worm (enteric) worm, how do I structure it, thanks.

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great piece. thanks for the awesome explanation. it is really worth sharing. I have a little question, if anyone can help me out, which of the options in the body of literature can be best fit if you are writing an architectural thesis that deals with design?

I am doing a research on nanofluids how can l structure it?

Beautifully clear.nThank you!

Lucid! Thankyou!

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You have given thought-provoking information about the review of the literature.

Thank you. It has made my own research better and to impart your work to students I teach

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I am doing research on EFL teacher motivation for his/her job. How Can I structure it? Is there any detailed template, additional to this?

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I’m asked to do conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature, and i just don’t know how to structure it

Asking questions are actually fastidious thing if you are not understanding anything fully, but this article presents good understanding yet.

thank you SOOO much it is really helpful ..

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What is a literature review? [with examples]

What is a literature review?

The purpose of a literature review, how to write a literature review, the format of a literature review, general formatting rules, the length of a literature review, literature review examples, frequently asked questions about literature reviews, related articles.

A literature review is an assessment of the sources in a chosen topic of research.

In a literature review, you’re expected to report on the existing scholarly conversation, without adding new contributions.

If you are currently writing one, you've come to the right place. In the following paragraphs, we will explain:

• the objective of a literature review
• how to write a literature review
• the basic format of a literature review

Tip: It’s not always mandatory to add a literature review in a paper. Theses and dissertations often include them, whereas research papers may not. Make sure to consult with your instructor for exact requirements.

The four main objectives of a literature review are:

• Studying the references of your research area
• Summarizing the main arguments
• Identifying current gaps, stances, and issues
• Presenting all of the above in a text

Ultimately, the main goal of a literature review is to provide the researcher with sufficient knowledge about the topic in question so that they can eventually make an intervention.

The format of a literature review is fairly standard. It includes an:

• introduction that briefly introduces the main topic
• body that includes the main discussion of the key arguments
• conclusion that highlights the gaps and issues of the literature

➡️ Take a look at our guide on how to write a literature review to learn more about how to structure a literature review.

First of all, a literature review should have its own labeled section. You should indicate clearly in the table of contents where the literature can be found, and you should label this section as “Literature Review.”

➡️ For more information on writing a thesis, visit our guide on how to structure a thesis .

There is no set amount of words for a literature review, so the length depends on the research. If you are working with a large amount of sources, it will be long. If your paper does not depend entirely on references, it will be short.

Take a look at these three theses featuring great literature reviews:

• School-Based Speech-Language Pathologist's Perceptions of Sensory Food Aversions in Children [ PDF , see page 20]
• Who's Writing What We Read: Authorship in Criminological Research [ PDF , see page 4]
• A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experience of Online Instructors of Theological Reflection at Christian Institutions Accredited by the Association of Theological Schools [ PDF , see page 56]

Literature reviews are most commonly found in theses and dissertations. However, you find them in research papers as well.

There is no set amount of words for a literature review, so the length depends on the research. If you are working with a large amount of sources, then it will be long. If your paper does not depend entirely on references, then it will be short.

No. A literature review should have its own independent section. You should indicate clearly in the table of contents where the literature review can be found, and label this section as “Literature Review.”

The main goal of a literature review is to provide the researcher with sufficient knowledge about the topic in question so that they can eventually make an intervention.

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How To Write A Literature Review - A Complete Guide

A literature review is much more than just another section in your research paper. It forms the very foundation of your research. It is a formal piece of writing where you analyze the existing theoretical framework, principles, and assumptions and use that as a base to shape your approach to the research question.

Curating and drafting a solid literature review section not only lends more credibility to your research paper but also makes your research tighter and better focused. But, writing literature reviews is a difficult task. It requires extensive reading, plus you have to consider market trends and technological and political changes, which tend to change in the blink of an eye.

Now streamline your literature review process with the help of SciSpace Copilot. With this AI research assistant, you can efficiently synthesize and analyze a vast amount of information, identify key themes and trends, and uncover gaps in the existing research. Get real-time explanations, summaries, and answers to your questions for the paper you're reviewing, making navigating and understanding the complex literature landscape easier.

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore everything from the definition of a literature review, its appropriate length, various types of literature reviews, and how to write one.

A literature review is a collation of survey, research, critical evaluation, and assessment of the existing literature in a preferred domain.

Eminent researcher and academic Arlene Fink, in her book Conducting Research Literature Reviews , defines it as the following:

“A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.

Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic, and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study.”

Simply put, a literature review can be defined as a critical discussion of relevant pre-existing research around your research question and carving out a definitive place for your study in the existing body of knowledge. Literature reviews can be presented in multiple ways: a section of an article, the whole research paper itself, or a chapter of your thesis.

A literature review does function as a summary of sources, but it also allows you to analyze further, interpret, and examine the stated theories, methods, viewpoints, and, of course, the gaps in the existing content.

As an author, you can discuss and interpret the research question and its various aspects and debate your adopted methods to support the claim.

What is the purpose of a literature review?

A literature review is meant to help your readers understand the relevance of your research question and where it fits within the existing body of knowledge. As a researcher, you should use it to set the context, build your argument, and establish the need for your study.

What is the importance of a literature review?

The literature review is a critical part of research papers because it helps you:

• Gain an in-depth understanding of your research question and the surrounding area
• Convey that you have a thorough understanding of your research area and are up-to-date with the latest changes and advancements
• Establish how your research is connected or builds on the existing body of knowledge and how it could contribute to further research
• Elaborate on the validity and suitability of your theoretical framework and research methodology
• Identify and highlight gaps and shortcomings in the existing body of knowledge and how things need to change
• Convey to readers how your study is different or how it contributes to the research area

How long should a literature review be?

Ideally, the literature review should take up 15%-40% of the total length of your manuscript. So, if you have a 10,000-word research paper, the minimum word count could be 1500.

Your literature review format depends heavily on the kind of manuscript you are writing — an entire chapter in case of doctoral theses, a part of the introductory section in a research article, to a full-fledged review article that examines the previously published research on a topic.

Another determining factor is the type of research you are doing. The literature review section tends to be longer for secondary research projects than primary research projects.

What are the different types of literature reviews?

All literature reviews are not the same. There are a variety of possible approaches that you can take. It all depends on the type of research you are pursuing.

Here are the different types of literature reviews:

Argumentative review

It is called an argumentative review when you carefully present literature that only supports or counters a specific argument or premise to establish a viewpoint.

Integrative review

It is a type of literature review focused on building a comprehensive understanding of a topic by combining available theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence.

Methodological review

This approach delves into the ''how'' and the ''what" of the research question —  you cannot look at the outcome in isolation; you should also review the methodology used.

Systematic review

This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research and collect, report, and analyze data from the studies included in the review.

Meta-analysis review

Meta-analysis uses statistical methods to summarize the results of independent studies. By combining information from all relevant studies, meta-analysis can provide more precise estimates of the effects than those derived from the individual studies included within a review.

Historical review

Historical literature reviews focus on examining research throughout a period, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, or phenomenon emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and identify future research's likely directions.

Theoretical Review

This form aims to examine the corpus of theory accumulated regarding an issue, concept, theory, and phenomenon. The theoretical literature review helps to establish what theories exist, the relationships between them, the degree the existing approaches have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested.

Scoping Review

The Scoping Review is often used at the beginning of an article, dissertation, or research proposal. It is conducted before the research to highlight gaps in the existing body of knowledge and explains why the project should be greenlit.

State-of-the-Art Review

The State-of-the-Art review is conducted periodically, focusing on the most recent research. It describes what is currently known, understood, or agreed upon regarding the research topic and highlights where there are still disagreements.

Can you use the first person in a literature review?

When writing literature reviews, you should avoid the usage of first-person pronouns. It means that instead of "I argue that" or "we argue that," the appropriate expression would be "this research paper argues that."

Do you need an abstract for a literature review?

Ideally, yes. It is always good to have a condensed summary that is self-contained and independent of the rest of your review. As for how to draft one, you can follow the same fundamental idea when preparing an abstract for a literature review. It should also include:

• The research topic and your motivation behind selecting it
• A one-sentence thesis statement
• An explanation of the kinds of literature featured in the review
• Summary of what you've learned
• Conclusions you drew from the literature you reviewed
• Potential implications and future scope for research

Here's an example of the abstract of a literature review

Is a literature review written in the past tense?

Yes, the literature review should ideally be written in the past tense. You should not use the present or future tense when writing one. The exceptions are when you have statements describing events that happened earlier than the literature you are reviewing or events that are currently occurring; then, you can use the past perfect or present perfect tenses.

How many sources for a literature review?

There are multiple approaches to deciding how many sources to include in a literature review section. The first approach would be to look level you are at as a researcher. For instance, a doctoral thesis might need 60+ sources. In contrast, you might only need to refer to 5-15 sources at the undergraduate level.

The second approach is based on the kind of literature review you are doing — whether it is merely a chapter of your paper or if it is a self-contained paper in itself. When it is just a chapter, sources should equal the total number of pages in your article's body. In the second scenario, you need at least three times as many sources as there are pages in your work.

Quick tips on how to write a literature review

To know how to write a literature review, you must clearly understand its impact and role in establishing your work as substantive research material.

You need to follow the below-mentioned steps, to write a literature review:

• Outline the purpose behind the literature review
• Search relevant literature
• Examine and assess the relevant resources
• Discover connections by drawing deep insights from the resources
• Structure planning to write a good literature review

1. Outline and identify the purpose of  a literature review

As a first step on how to write a literature review, you must know what the research question or topic is and what shape you want your literature review to take. Ensure you understand the research topic inside out, or else seek clarifications. You must be able to the answer below questions before you start:

• How many sources do I need to include?
• What kind of sources should I analyze?
• How much should I critically evaluate each source?
• Should I summarize, synthesize or offer a critique of the sources?
• Do I need to include any background information or definitions?

Additionally, you should know that the narrower your research topic is, the swifter it will be for you to restrict the number of sources to be analyzed.

2. Search relevant literature

Dig deeper into search engines to discover what has already been published around your chosen topic. Make sure you thoroughly go through appropriate reference sources like books, reports, journal articles, government docs, and web-based resources.

You must prepare a list of keywords and their different variations. You can start your search from any library’s catalog, provided you are an active member of that institution. The exact keywords can be extended to widen your research over other databases and academic search engines like:

• Microsoft Academic
• Science.gov

Besides, it is not advisable to go through every resource word by word. Alternatively, what you can do is you can start by reading the abstract and then decide whether that source is relevant to your research or not.

Additionally, you must spend surplus time assessing the quality and relevance of resources. It would help if you tried preparing a list of citations to ensure that there lies no repetition of authors, publications, or articles in the literature review.

3. Examine and assess the sources

It is nearly impossible for you to go through every detail in the research article. So rather than trying to fetch every detail, you have to analyze and decide which research sources resemble closest and appear relevant to your chosen domain.

While analyzing the sources, you should look to find out answers to questions like:

• What question or problem has the author been describing and debating?
• What is the definition of critical aspects?
• How well the theories, approach, and methodology have been explained?
• Whether the research theory used some conventional or new innovative approach?
• How relevant are the key findings of the work?
• In what ways does it relate to other sources on the same topic?
• What challenges does this research paper pose to the existing theory
• What are the possible contributions or benefits it adds to the subject domain?

Be always mindful that you refer only to credible and authentic resources. It would be best if you always take references from different publications to validate your theory.

Always keep track of important information or data you can present in your literature review right from the beginning. It will help steer your path from any threats of plagiarism and also make it easier to curate an annotated bibliography or reference section.

4. Discover connections

At this stage, you must start deciding on the argument and structure of your literature review. To accomplish this, you must discover and identify the relations and connections between various resources while drafting your abstract.

A few aspects that you should be aware of while writing a literature review include:

• Rise to prominence: Theories and methods that have gained reputation and supporters over time.
• Constant scrutiny: Concepts or theories that repeatedly went under examination.
• Contradictions and conflicts: Theories, both the supporting and the contradictory ones, for the research topic.
• Knowledge gaps: What exactly does it fail to address, and how to bridge them with further research?
• Influential resources: Significant research projects available that have been upheld as milestones or perhaps, something that can modify the current trends

Once you join the dots between various past research works, it will be easier for you to draw a conclusion and identify your contribution to the existing knowledge base.

5. Structure planning to write a good literature review

There exist different ways towards planning and executing the structure of a literature review. The format of a literature review varies and depends upon the length of the research.

Like any other research paper, the literature review format must contain three sections: introduction, body, and conclusion. The goals and objectives of the research question determine what goes inside these three sections.

Nevertheless, a good literature review can be structured according to the chronological, thematic, methodological, or theoretical framework approach.

Literature review samples

1. Standalone

2. As a section of a research paper

How SciSpace Discover makes literature review a breeze?

SciSpace Discover is a one-stop solution to do an effective literature search and get barrier-free access to scientific knowledge. It is an excellent repository where you can find millions of only peer-reviewed articles and full-text PDF files. Here’s more on how you can use it:

Find the right information

Find what you want quickly and easily with comprehensive search filters that let you narrow down papers according to PDF availability, year of publishing, document type, and affiliated institution. Moreover, you can sort the results based on the publishing date, citation count, and relevance.

Assess credibility of papers quickly

When doing the literature review, it is critical to establish the quality of your sources. They form the foundation of your research. SciSpace Discover helps you assess the quality of a source by providing an overview of its references, citations, and performance metrics.

Get the complete picture in no time

SciSpace Discover’s personalized suggestion engine helps you stay on course and get the complete picture of the topic from one place. Every time you visit an article page, it provides you links to related papers. Besides that, it helps you understand what’s trending, who are the top authors, and who are the leading publishers on a topic.

Make referring sources super easy

To ensure you don't lose track of your sources, you must start noting down your references when doing the literature review. SciSpace Discover makes this step effortless. Click the 'cite' button on an article page, and you will receive preloaded citation text in multiple styles — all you've to do is copy-paste it into your manuscript.

Final tips on how to write a literature review

A massive chunk of time and effort is required to write a good literature review. But, if you go about it systematically, you'll be able to save a ton of time and build a solid foundation for your research.

We hope this guide has helped you answer several key questions you have about writing literature reviews.

Would you like to explore SciSpace Discover and kick off your literature search right away? You can get started here .

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. how to start a literature review.

• What questions do you want to answer?

• What sources do you need to answer these questions?

• What information do these sources contain?

• How can you use this information to answer your questions?

2. What to include in a literature review?

• A brief background of the problem or issue

• What has previously been done to address the problem or issue

• A description of what you will do in your project

• How this study will contribute to research on the subject

3. Why literature review is important?

The literature review is an important part of any research project because it allows the writer to look at previous studies on a topic and determine existing gaps in the literature, as well as what has already been done. It will also help them to choose the most appropriate method for their own study.

4. How to cite a literature review in APA format?

To cite a literature review in APA style, you need to provide the author's name, the title of the article, and the year of publication. For example: Patel, A. B., & Stokes, G. S. (2012). The relationship between personality and intelligence: A meta-analysis of longitudinal research. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(1), 16-21

5. What are the components of a literature review?

• A brief introduction to the topic, including its background and context. The introduction should also include a rationale for why the study is being conducted and what it will accomplish.

• A description of the methodologies used in the study. This can include information about data collection methods, sample size, and statistical analyses.

• A presentation of the findings in an organized format that helps readers follow along with the author's conclusions.

6. What are common errors in writing literature review?

• Not spending enough time to critically evaluate the relevance of resources, observations and conclusions.

• Totally relying on secondary data while ignoring primary data.

• Letting your personal bias seep into your interpretation of existing literature.

• No detailed explanation of the procedure to discover and identify an appropriate literature review.

7. What are the 5 C's of writing literature review?

• Cite - the sources you utilized and referenced in your research.

• Compare - existing arguments, hypotheses, methodologies, and conclusions found in the knowledge base.

• Contrast - the arguments, topics, methodologies, approaches, and disputes that may be found in the literature.

• Critique - the literature and describe the ideas and opinions you find more convincing and why.

• Connect - the various studies you reviewed in your research.

8. How many sources should a literature review have?

When it is just a chapter, sources should equal the total number of pages in your article's body. if it is a self-contained paper in itself, you need at least three times as many sources as there are pages in your work.

9. Can literature review have diagrams?

• To represent an abstract idea or concept

• To explain the steps of a process or procedure

• To help readers understand the relationships between different concepts

10. How old should sources be in a literature review?

Sources for a literature review should be as current as possible or not older than ten years. The only exception to this rule is if you are reviewing a historical topic and need to use older sources.

11. What are the types of literature review?

• Argumentative review

• Integrative review

• Methodological review

• Systematic review

• Meta-analysis review

• Historical review

• Theoretical review

• Scoping review

• State-of-the-Art review

12. Is a literature review mandatory?

Yes. Literature review is a mandatory part of any research project. It is a critical step in the process that allows you to establish the scope of your research, and provide a background for the rest of your work.

But before you go,

• Six Online Tools for Easy Literature Review
• Evaluating literature review: systematic vs. scoping reviews
• Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review
• Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Guidelines and Examples

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Learn how to write a review of literature.

What is a review of literature.

The format of a review of literature may vary from discipline to discipline and from assignment to assignment.

A review may be a self-contained unit — an end in itself — or a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research. A review is a required part of grant and research proposals and often a chapter in theses and dissertations.

Generally, the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.

Writing the introduction

In the introduction, you should:

Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus providing an appropriate context for reviewing the literature.

Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic; or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or gaps in research and scholarship; or a single problem or new perspective of immediate interest.

Establish the writer’s reason (point of view) for reviewing the literature; explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing literature and the organization of the review (sequence); and, when necessary, state why certain literature is or is not included (scope).

Writing the body

In the body, you should:

Group research studies and other types of literature (reviews, theoretical articles, case studies, etc.) according to common denominators such as qualitative versus quantitative approaches, conclusions of authors, specific purpose or objective, chronology, etc.

Summarize individual studies or articles with as much or as little detail as each merits according to its comparative importance in the literature, remembering that space (length) denotes significance.

Provide the reader with strong “umbrella” sentences at beginnings of paragraphs, “signposts” throughout, and brief “so what” summary sentences at intermediate points in the review to aid in understanding comparisons and analyses.

Writing the conclusion

In the conclusion, you should:

Summarize major contributions of significant studies and articles to the body of knowledge under review, maintaining the focus established in the introduction.

Evaluate the current “state of the art” for the body of knowledge reviewed, pointing out major methodological flaws or gaps in research, inconsistencies in theory and findings, and areas or issues pertinent to future study.

Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship between the central topic of the literature review and a larger area of study such as a discipline, a scientific endeavor, or a profession.

For further information see our handouts on Writing a Critical Review of a Nonfiction Book or Article or Reading a Book to Review It .

To learn more about literature reviews, take a look at our workshop on Writing Literature Reviews of Published Research.

• Sample Literature Reviews

An important strategy for learning how to compose literature reviews in your field or within a specific genre is to locate and analyze representative examples. The following collection of annotated sample literature reviews written and co-written by colleagues associated with UW-Madison showcases how these reviews can do different kind of work for different purposes. Use these successful examples as a starting point for understanding how other writers have approached the challenging and important task of situating their idea in the context of established research.

• Sample 1 (PDF) A brief literature review within a political scientists’  National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship  grant
• Sample 2 (PDF) A several-page literature review at the beginning of a published, academic article about philosophy
• Sample 3 (PDF) A brief literature review at the beginning of a published, academic article about photochemistry

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How to Write a Successful Literature Review

One type of a proposal focus is a literature review/trend analysis . This type of a proposal is somewhat different from the other proposal foci. A sample literature/trend analysis is posted at the bottom of this guide.

A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research or theory, and provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works.The goal of this form of a proposal is to provide an overview of the significant trends in the literature that is published on this topic.

The topics and references you include in your proposal should be purposeful and represent the key authors and arguments in that particular area of study. This necessitates that the review be consistently up to date and include the newest findings/discussions in that particular area of study or debate.

Definition and use/purpose

In a literature review you may highlight a critical area of a thesis, or it may be a focused, selected review of writings on a subject with the following purposes. Each work should:

• Relate to the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review
• Describe / compare each work in relationship to the others in your proposal
• Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research
• Resolve conflicts among what is deemed as contradictory previous studies
• Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
• Illustrate how this work can be a starting point for further research
• Highlight the relevancy of the work in the context of existing literature

The literature review itself, however, does not present new primary scholarship.

What to include

• An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review
• Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those supporting a particular position, those who have the opposite view, and those who give alternative theses entirely)
• An explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others
• A conclusion . Determine which aspects are key in the debates on the topic, are most convincing, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of this particular research area.

Evaluating the data

• Authority — What are the author's credentials? Is there evidence to support the author's arguments (e.g., primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?
• Objectivity — Does the author have a bias in the writing, or is the perspective even-handed? Does the author consider contrasting or opposing data or does he or she ignore other pertinent information in order to prove the author's point?
• Persuasiveness — Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?
• Value — Does the author provide enough context to make the case that this is a relevant discussion in the current state of the field? Does this work make a significant contribution to create a stronger understanding of the subject?

A sample of a well-written literature review/trend analysis is available below. If you have questions, please email Cindy Winter or call her at 612-759-8580. You may also contact one of the section chairs .

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Research Methods: A Student's Comprehensive Guide: Literature Reviews

• Research Approaches
• Types of Sources
• Accessing Resources
• Evaluating Sources
• Question Crafting
• Search Strategies
• Annotated Bibliography
• Literature Reviews
• Citations This link opens in a new window

Literature Review

What is a Literature Review?  A literature review is a critical analysis of existing research related to a specific topic or research question. Rather than simply summarizing the sources, a literature review evaluates, compares, and synthesizes the literature to highlight trends, gaps, and insights that inform your research.

Purpose and Importance:  Literature reviews serve multiple key functions:

• Contextualization:  They provide background on your research topic, helping to situate your work within the broader field.
• Identification of Gaps:  A thorough review highlights areas where further research is needed, guiding your own contributions.
• Critical Evaluation:  By comparing and contrasting sources, you develop a deeper understanding of the subject and establish the credibility of your research.
• Foundation for Research:  A literature review demonstrates your knowledge of the field, forming a strong basis for your methodology and research approach.

Difference Between a Literature Review and an Annotated Bibliography:  While both a literature review and an annotated bibliography involve analyzing sources, they serve different purposes. An annotated bibliography focuses on summarizing and evaluating individual sources in isolation. In contrast, a literature review synthesizes multiple sources to form a cohesive narrative, identifying patterns, themes, and debates within the literature. The literature review also typically organizes the information thematically or methodologically rather than listing sources one by one.

Q: What is the main difference between a literature review and a systematic review? A: A literature review provides a broad overview of existing research on a topic, while a systematic review follows a structured methodology to identify, evaluate, and synthesize all relevant studies on a specific question.

Q: How do I choose the best type of literature review for my research? A: Consider your research question and objectives. A narrative review is suitable for broad overviews, while a systematic review is best for comprehensive analyses. A scoping review helps map out the existing literature, and a meta-analysis combines quantitative results from multiple studies.

Q: How many sources should I include in my literature review? A: The number of sources depends on your topic and the scope of your review. Generally, aim to include a comprehensive selection that represents the current state of research. Ensure sources are relevant and contribute to answering your research question.

Q: Can I include unpublished sources in my literature review? A:  Yes, including unpublished sources such as dissertations, theses, or reports can provide valuable insights and fill gaps in the published literature. Ensure these sources are credible and relevant.

Q: How do I ensure my literature review is critical and not just descriptive? A: Focus on evaluating and synthesizing the sources rather than just summarizing them. Analyze the strengths, weaknesses, and contributions of each study. Highlight trends, debates, and gaps in the literature.

Scribbr: How to Write a Literature Review

Gain valuable insights on how to write an impactful literature review with this comprehensive guide!

Scribbr: Tips for Writing a Literature Review

Explore practical tips and strategies for structuring a literature review in this detailed tutorial.

• Common Mistakes

Types of Literature Reviews

• Overview:  Provides a comprehensive summary of the research on a specific topic. It offers a broad overview of the field, summarizing the key findings and trends without a strict methodological approach.
• Purpose:  Useful for providing a general understanding of a topic, identifying major themes, and outlining the historical development of research.
• Overview:  Follows a structured and transparent methodology to identify, evaluate, and synthesize all relevant studies on a specific research question. It aims to minimize bias and provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence.
• Purpose:  Ideal for answering specific research questions by systematically collecting and analyzing data from multiple studies. It often includes a meta-analysis component to quantitatively summarize the results.
• Overview:  Maps the existing literature on a broad topic, identifying key concepts, gaps, and areas for further research. It is less focused on synthesizing results and more on exploring the extent and nature of the research.
• Purpose:  Useful for understanding the breadth of research on a topic, especially when the area is complex or emerging. It helps to clarify the scope of existing evidence and inform future research directions.
• Overview:  Uses statistical techniques to combine and analyze the results of multiple studies, providing a quantitative summary of the evidence. It aims to identify patterns and determine the overall effect size.
• Purpose:  Ideal for drawing general conclusions from a body of research, especially when individual studies have varying results. It provides a higher level of statistical power and precision.

Crafting a Literature Review

• Clarify Your Research Question:  Start by articulating the specific research question or objective that your literature review will address. This will help guide your search and ensure that the review remains focused.
• Set Boundaries:  Determine the scope of your review by defining parameters such as time frame, geographical area, or specific subtopics. This helps in managing the breadth of your review and maintaining relevance.
• Utilize Academic Databases:  Access scholarly articles, books, and other research materials using databases like JSTOR, PubMed, or Google Scholar.
• Expand Your Search:  Explore references in key studies, look for gray literature, and consult library catalogs to ensure a comprehensive search.
• Categorize Sources:  Group your sources by themes, methodologies, or chronological order. This organization helps in synthesizing information and presenting a coherent review.
• Use Reference Management Tools:  Tools such as Zotero or EndNote can assist in managing and sorting your sources effectively.
• Identify Patterns and Themes:  Look for recurring themes, trends, and debates within the literature. Analyze how different studies relate to one another.
• Compare and Contrast:  Evaluate the methodologies, findings, and perspectives of different sources. Highlight agreements and disagreements to provide a balanced view.
• Choose an Organizational Method:  Decide on a structure that best fits your review’s purpose:
• Chronological:  Organize by the timeline of research developments.
• Thematic:  Group by themes or topics.
• Methodological:  Arrange based on research methods used.
• Create an Outline:  Develop a clear outline based on your chosen structure to guide your writing and ensure logical flow.
• Analyze, Don’t Just Summarize:  Go beyond summarizing each source. Critically analyze how each piece of literature contributes to your understanding of the topic.
• Provide Context:  Explain how the literature connects to your research question or hypothesis. Show how your work builds on or challenges existing knowledge.
• Seek Feedback:  Share your draft with peers or mentors to obtain constructive feedback.
• Edit for Clarity:  Review your work for clarity, coherence, and completeness. Ensure that your review is logically organized and free of errors.

Example of a Literature Review

To illustrate how a literature review is structured and written, here's a simplified example based on a hypothetical research topic:  The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health.

Introduction: The introduction provides an overview of the research topic and its significance.

Social media has become an integral part of adolescents' lives, raising concerns about its impact on mental health. This literature review examines existing research on how social media use affects adolescent well-being, focusing on both positive and negative outcomes.

Body: The body of the review is organized thematically or methodologically.

Positive Impacts of Social Media:

• Social Connectivity:  Studies highlight that social media platforms enable adolescents to maintain and strengthen social connections, providing emotional support and reducing feelings of isolation (Smith, 2021; Lee & Johnson, 2022).
• Educational Benefits:  Research indicates that social media can facilitate educational opportunities and learning through online communities and resources (Adams, 2020).

Negative Impacts of Social Media:

• Mental Health Issues:  Several studies link excessive social media use with increased levels of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem among adolescents (Brown et al., 2019; Thompson & Miller, 2021).
• Cyberbullying:  Evidence shows that social media platforms can be a breeding ground for cyberbullying, leading to significant psychological distress (Green & Taylor, 2022).

Mixed Findings:

• Variability in Effects:  Some research finds that the impact of social media on mental health varies depending on individual factors such as frequency of use, type of content consumed, and pre-existing mental health conditions (Davis, 2021; Wilson, 2022).

Discussion:   The discussion synthesizes the findings, identifies trends, and highlights gaps:

The reviewed literature reveals a complex relationship between social media and adolescent mental health. While social media can offer support and educational benefits, its negative impacts—particularly related to mental health issues and cyberbullying—are significant. Further research is needed to understand how different variables affect these outcomes and to develop strategies for mitigating negative effects.

Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the key findings and suggests areas for future research:

In summary, social media has both positive and negative effects on adolescent mental health. Addressing these impacts requires a nuanced understanding of the various factors involved and targeted interventions to support healthy social media use. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to better assess the long-term effects of social media on mental health.

• References:  Ensure to include a list of all sources cited in the example. In a real review, this would be formatted according to the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).
• Formatting:  Use headings and subheadings to clearly organize each section of the review.

This example provides a framework for how a literature review should be structured and the type of content that should be included. It demonstrates the synthesis of various sources to present a cohesive narrative on the research topic.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Tip:  Ensure every source and discussion point directly relates to your research question or objective. Maintain a clear focus throughout the review.
• Tip:  Prioritize primary sources and original studies to provide a robust foundation. Use secondary sources sparingly for context or background.
• Tip:  Critically assess each study’s methodology, findings, and impact on the field. Highlight strengths and weaknesses for a balanced view.
• Tip:  Use clear headings and subheadings. Choose a logical structure (e.g., thematic, chronological) and ensure smooth transitions between sections.
• Tip:  Discuss gaps in the literature to strengthen your review and position your research within the broader field.
• Tip:  Follow the appropriate citation style meticulously. Ensure all sources are cited correctly and consistently.
• Tip:  Base conclusions on a comprehensive review of the literature. Avoid generalizations unless supported by substantial evidence from multiple sources.
• Tip:  Stay updated with recent publications and incorporate the most current research to ensure relevance and accuracy.

Literature Review Matrix

A  Literature Review Matrix  is a powerful tool that helps you organize and evaluate the sources you've gathered for your literature review. Think of it as a structured table that allows you to visually track key details from each source, helping you compare and contrast research findings, methods, and relevance to your work.

The primary goal of a Literature Review Matrix is to provide a clear and organized way to view your sources side-by-side. This makes it easier to spot patterns, identify gaps in the literature, and see how different studies connect or diverge. By using this matrix, you can:

• Summarize key information from each source.
• See the progression of research on a topic.
• Track how each source contributes to your own research goals.

When crafting your literature review, the matrix becomes a valuable reference. It offers a concise summary of each source, facilitating the synthesis of information and revealing connections between works. This organized approach helps ensure you cover all important themes and insights.

Key Components

A typical Literature Review Matrix includes:

• Author(s) & Date:  For tracking contributions and publication dates.
• Theoretical/Conceptual Framework:  Outlines the theories or concepts guiding the study.
• Research Question(s)/Hypotheses:  Identifies the focus and aims of the research.
• Methodology:  Describes the study design and methods used.
• Analysis & Results:  Summarizes the data analysis and key findings.
• Conclusions:  Highlights the main conclusions drawn from the research.
• Implications for Future Research:  Suggests areas for further investigation.
• Implications for Practice:  Discusses practical applications of the findings.

A Literature Review Matrix establishes a solid foundation for a well-organized literature review, ensuring you capture all critical insights and connections between sources. 

How to Use the Matrix

To make the most of your Literature Review Matrix, follow these steps to complete each category:

Author(s) & Date : Record the author(s) of the study and the publication date. This helps track contributions and the relevance of the research over time.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework : Note the theories or concepts guiding the study. This provides insight into the foundation of the research and its theoretical background.

Research Question(s)/Hypotheses : Summarize the main research questions or hypotheses the study addresses. This clarifies the focus and objectives of the research.

Methodology : Describe the research design and methods used. This includes the type of study, data collection methods, and analysis techniques.

Analysis & Results : Outline the main findings and how the data was analyzed. This section highlights the key discoveries of the research.

Conclusions : Record the study’s conclusions and implications. This provides a summary of the research outcomes and their significance.

Implications for Future Research : Identify suggestions for further research proposed by the study. This helps in understanding how the research contributes to ongoing scholarly conversation.

Implications for Practice : Note any practical applications or recommendations made. This connects the research findings to real-world applications.

Accurately filling in each category of the Literature Review Matrix ensures a comprehensive and organized overview of your sources, making it easier to synthesize and integrate information into your literature review.

Why Use a Literature Review Matrix?

A Literature Review Matrix is not just a tool but a strategic aid in organizing and synthesizing your research. Here’s why it’s invaluable:

Enhanced Clarity : By laying out your sources in a matrix format, you gain a clear, visual representation of the key components of each study. This clarity helps in quickly identifying patterns, contradictions, and gaps in the literature.

Streamlined Synthesis : The matrix allows you to compare and contrast findings across multiple sources efficiently. This makes synthesizing information from different studies simpler, leading to a more cohesive and comprehensive literature review.

Efficient Writing : With all essential information organized in one place, writing your literature review becomes more straightforward. The matrix provides a structured reference that helps in drafting sections and ensuring that all relevant points are addressed.

Identification of Trends and Gaps : The matrix helps in spotting trends in research and identifying areas where further investigation is needed. This insight is crucial for framing your research questions and shaping your own study.

Improved Organization : It facilitates a systematic approach to managing your sources, reducing the risk of overlooking important details and ensuring that your review is well-organized and thorough.

Using a Literature Review Matrix enhances the efficiency and quality of your literature review process. It’s a powerful tool that supports clarity, synthesis, and effective writing, ultimately contributing to a more insightful and organized review.

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Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Assignments

• Analyzing a Scholarly Journal Article
• Group Presentations
• Dealing with Nervousness
• Using Visual Aids
• Grading Someone Else's Paper
• Types of Structured Group Activities
• Group Project Survival Skills
• Leading a Class Discussion
• Multiple Book Review Essay
• Reviewing Collected Works
• Writing a Case Analysis Paper
• Writing a Case Study
• About Informed Consent
• Writing Field Notes
• Writing a Policy Memo
• Writing a Reflective Paper
• Writing a Research Proposal
• Generative AI and Writing
• Acknowledgments

The goal of a research proposal is twofold: to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements and procedures for conducting research are governed by standards of the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, therefore, the guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal describes detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and benefits derived from the study's completion.

Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005.

How to Approach Writing a Research Proposal

Your professor may assign the task of writing a research proposal for the following reasons:

• Develop your skills in thinking about and designing a comprehensive research study;
• Learn how to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature to determine that the research problem has not been adequately addressed or has been answered ineffectively and, in so doing, become better at locating pertinent scholarship related to your topic;
• Improve your general research and writing skills;
• Practice identifying the logical steps that must be taken to accomplish one's research goals;
• Critically review, examine, and consider the use of different methods for gathering and analyzing data related to the research problem; and,
• Nurture a sense of inquisitiveness within yourself and to help see yourself as an active participant in the process of conducting scholarly research.

A proposal should contain all the key elements involved in designing a completed research study, with sufficient information that allows readers to assess the validity and usefulness of your proposed study. The only elements missing from a research proposal are the findings of the study and your analysis of those findings. Finally, an effective proposal is judged on the quality of your writing and, therefore, it is important that your proposal is coherent, clear, and compelling.

Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:

• What do you plan to accomplish? Be clear and succinct in defining the research problem and what it is you are proposing to investigate.
• Why do you want to do the research? In addition to detailing your research design, you also must conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy of in-depth study. A successful research proposal must answer the "So What?" question.
• How are you going to conduct the research? Be sure that what you propose is doable. If you're having difficulty formulating a research problem to propose investigating, go here for strategies in developing a problem to study.
• Failure to be concise . A research proposal must be focused and not be "all over the map" or diverge into unrelated tangents without a clear sense of purpose.
• Failure to cite landmark works in your literature review . Proposals should be grounded in foundational research that lays a foundation for understanding the development and scope of the the topic and its relevance.
• Failure to delimit the contextual scope of your research [e.g., time, place, people, etc.]. As with any research paper, your proposed study must inform the reader how and in what ways the study will frame the problem.
• Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research . This is critical. In many workplace settings, the research proposal is a formal document intended to argue for why a study should be funded.
• Sloppy or imprecise writing, or poor grammar . Although a research proposal does not represent a completed research study, there is still an expectation that it is well-written and follows the style and rules of good academic writing.
• Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues . Your proposal should focus on only a few key research questions in order to support the argument that the research needs to be conducted. Minor issues, even if valid, can be mentioned but they should not dominate the overall narrative.

Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal.  The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Sanford, Keith. Information for Students: Writing a Research Proposal. Baylor University; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal. International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal. University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Structure and Writing Style

Beginning the Proposal Process

As with writing most college-level academic papers, research proposals are generally organized the same way throughout most social science disciplines. The text of proposals generally vary in length between ten and thirty-five pages, followed by the list of references. However, before you begin, read the assignment carefully and, if anything seems unclear, ask your professor whether there are any specific requirements for organizing and writing the proposal.

A good place to begin is to ask yourself a series of questions:

• What do I want to study?
• Why is the topic important?
• How is it significant within the subject areas covered in my class?
• What problems will it help solve?
• How does it build upon [and hopefully go beyond] research already conducted on the topic?
• What exactly should I plan to do, and can I get it done in the time available?

In general, a compelling research proposal should document your knowledge of the topic and demonstrate your enthusiasm for conducting the study. Approach it with the intention of leaving your readers feeling like, "Wow, that's an exciting idea and I can’t wait to see how it turns out!"

Most proposals should include the following sections:

I.  Introduction

In the real world of higher education, a research proposal is most often written by scholars seeking grant funding for a research project or it's the first step in getting approval to write a doctoral dissertation. Even if this is just a course assignment, treat your introduction as the initial pitch of an idea based on a thorough examination of the significance of a research problem. After reading the introduction, your readers should not only have an understanding of what you want to do, but they should also be able to gain a sense of your passion for the topic and to be excited about the study's possible outcomes. Note that most proposals do not include an abstract [summary] before the introduction.

Think about your introduction as a narrative written in two to four paragraphs that succinctly answers the following four questions :

• What is the central research problem?
• What is the topic of study related to that research problem?
• What methods should be used to analyze the research problem?
• Answer the "So What?" question by explaining why this is important research, what is its significance, and why should someone reading the proposal care about the outcomes of the proposed study?

II.  Background and Significance

This is where you explain the scope and context of your proposal and describe in detail why it's important. It can be melded into your introduction or you can create a separate section to help with the organization and narrative flow of your proposal. Approach writing this section with the thought that you can’t assume your readers will know as much about the research problem as you do. Note that this section is not an essay going over everything you have learned about the topic; instead, you must choose what is most relevant in explaining the aims of your research.

To that end, while there are no prescribed rules for establishing the significance of your proposed study, you should attempt to address some or all of the following:

• State the research problem and give a more detailed explanation about the purpose of the study than what you stated in the introduction. This is particularly important if the problem is complex or multifaceted .
• Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing; be sure to answer the "So What? question [i.e., why should anyone care?].
• Describe the major issues or problems examined by your research. This can be in the form of questions to be addressed. Be sure to note how your proposed study builds on previous assumptions about the research problem.
• Explain the methods you plan to use for conducting your research. Clearly identify the key sources you intend to use and explain how they will contribute to your analysis of the topic.
• Describe the boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus. Where appropriate, state not only what you plan to study, but what aspects of the research problem will be excluded from the study.
• If necessary, provide definitions of key concepts, theories, or terms.

III.  Literature Review

Connected to the background and significance of your study is a section of your proposal devoted to a more deliberate review and synthesis of prior studies related to the research problem under investigation . The purpose here is to place your project within the larger whole of what is currently being explored, while at the same time, demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. Think about what questions other researchers have asked, what methodological approaches they have used, and what is your understanding of their findings and, when stated, their recommendations. Also pay attention to any suggestions for further research.

Since a literature review is information dense, it is crucial that this section is intelligently structured to enable a reader to grasp the key arguments underpinning your proposed study in relation to the arguments put forth by other researchers. A good strategy is to break the literature into "conceptual categories" [themes] rather than systematically or chronologically describing groups of materials one at a time. Note that conceptual categories generally reveal themselves after you have read most of the pertinent literature on your topic so adding new categories is an on-going process of discovery as you review more studies. How do you know you've covered the key conceptual categories underlying the research literature? Generally, you can have confidence that all of the significant conceptual categories have been identified if you start to see repetition in the conclusions or recommendations that are being made.

NOTE: Do not shy away from challenging the conclusions made in prior research as a basis for supporting the need for your proposal. Assess what you believe is missing and state how previous research has failed to adequately examine the issue that your study addresses. Highlighting the problematic conclusions strengthens your proposal. For more information on writing literature reviews, GO HERE .

To help frame your proposal's review of prior research, consider the "five C’s" of writing a literature review:

• Cite , so as to keep the primary focus on the literature pertinent to your research problem.
• Compare the various arguments, theories, methodologies, and findings expressed in the literature: what do the authors agree on? Who applies similar approaches to analyzing the research problem?
• Contrast the various arguments, themes, methodologies, approaches, and controversies expressed in the literature: describe what are the major areas of disagreement, controversy, or debate among scholars?
• Critique the literature: Which arguments are more persuasive, and why? Which approaches, findings, and methodologies seem most reliable, valid, or appropriate, and why? Pay attention to the verbs you use to describe what an author says/does [e.g., asserts, demonstrates, argues, etc.].
• Connect the literature to your own area of research and investigation: how does your own work draw upon, depart from, synthesize, or add a new perspective to what has been said in the literature?

IV.  Research Design and Methods

This section must be well-written and logically organized because you are not actually doing the research, yet, your reader must have confidence that you have a plan worth pursuing . The reader will never have a study outcome from which to evaluate whether your methodological choices were the correct ones. Thus, the objective here is to convince the reader that your overall research design and proposed methods of analysis will correctly address the problem and that the methods will provide the means to effectively interpret the potential results. Your design and methods should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.

Describe the overall research design by building upon and drawing examples from your review of the literature. Consider not only methods that other researchers have used, but methods of data gathering that have not been used but perhaps could be. Be specific about the methodological approaches you plan to undertake to obtain information, the techniques you would use to analyze the data, and the tests of external validity to which you commit yourself [i.e., the trustworthiness by which you can generalize from your study to other people, places, events, and/or periods of time].

When describing the methods you will use, be sure to cover the following:

• Specify the research process you will undertake and the way you will interpret the results obtained in relation to the research problem. Don't just describe what you intend to achieve from applying the methods you choose, but state how you will spend your time while applying these methods [e.g., coding text from interviews to find statements about the need to change school curriculum; running a regression to determine if there is a relationship between campaign advertising on social media sites and election outcomes in Europe ].
• Keep in mind that the methodology is not just a list of tasks; it is a deliberate argument as to why techniques for gathering information add up to the best way to investigate the research problem. This is an important point because the mere listing of tasks to be performed does not demonstrate that, collectively, they effectively address the research problem. Be sure you clearly explain this.
• Anticipate and acknowledge any potential barriers and pitfalls in carrying out your research design and explain how you plan to address them. No method applied to research in the social and behavioral sciences is perfect, so you need to describe where you believe challenges may exist in obtaining data or accessing information. It's always better to acknowledge this than to have it brought up by your professor!

V.  Preliminary Suppositions and Implications

Just because you don't have to actually conduct the study and analyze the results, doesn't mean you can skip talking about the analytical process and potential implications . The purpose of this section is to argue how and in what ways you believe your research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the subject area under investigation. Depending on the aims and objectives of your study, describe how the anticipated results will impact future scholarly research, theory, practice, forms of interventions, or policy making. Note that such discussions may have either substantive [a potential new policy], theoretical [a potential new understanding], or methodological [a potential new way of analyzing] significance.   When thinking about the potential implications of your study, ask the following questions:

• What might the results mean in regards to challenging the theoretical framework and underlying assumptions that support the study?
• What suggestions for subsequent research could arise from the potential outcomes of the study?
• What will the results mean to practitioners in the natural settings of their workplace, organization, or community?
• Will the results influence programs, methods, and/or forms of intervention?
• How might the results contribute to the solution of social, economic, or other types of problems?
• Will the results influence policy decisions?
• In what way do individuals or groups benefit should your study be pursued?
• What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research?
• How will the results of the study be implemented and what innovations or transformative insights could emerge from the process of implementation?

NOTE:   This section should not delve into idle speculation, opinion, or be formulated on the basis of unclear evidence . The purpose is to reflect upon gaps or understudied areas of the current literature and describe how your proposed research contributes to a new understanding of the research problem should the study be implemented as designed.

ANOTHER NOTE : This section is also where you describe any potential limitations to your proposed study. While it is impossible to highlight all potential limitations because the study has yet to be conducted, you still must tell the reader where and in what form impediments may arise and how you plan to address them.

VI.  Conclusion

The conclusion reiterates the importance or significance of your proposal and provides a brief summary of the entire study . This section should be only one or two paragraphs long, emphasizing why the research problem is worth investigating, why your research study is unique, and how it should advance existing knowledge.

Someone reading this section should come away with an understanding of:

• Why the study should be done;
• The specific purpose of the study and the research questions it attempts to answer;
• The decision for why the research design and methods used where chosen over other options;
• The potential implications emerging from your proposed study of the research problem; and
• A sense of how your study fits within the broader scholarship about the research problem.

VII.  Citations

As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used . In a standard research proposal, this section can take two forms, so consult with your professor about which one is preferred.

• References -- a list of only the sources you actually used in creating your proposal.
• Bibliography -- a list of everything you used in creating your proposal, along with additional citations to any key sources relevant to understanding the research problem.

In either case, this section should testify to the fact that you did enough preparatory work to ensure the project will complement and not just duplicate the efforts of other researchers. It demonstrates to the reader that you have a thorough understanding of prior research on the topic.

Most proposal formats have you start a new page and use the heading "References" or "Bibliography" centered at the top of the page. Cited works should always use a standard format that follows the writing style advised by the discipline of your course [e.g., education=APA; history=Chicago] or that is preferred by your professor. This section normally does not count towards the total page length of your research proposal.

Develop a Research Proposal: Writing the Proposal. Office of Library Information Services. Baltimore County Public Schools; Heath, M. Teresa Pereira and Caroline Tynan. “Crafting a Research Proposal.” The Marketing Review 10 (Summer 2010): 147-168; Jones, Mark. “Writing a Research Proposal.” In MasterClass in Geography Education: Transforming Teaching and Learning . Graham Butt, editor. (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015), pp. 113-127; Juni, Muhamad Hanafiah. “Writing a Research Proposal.” International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences 1 (September/October 2014): 229-240; Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005; Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal. The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Punch, Keith and Wayne McGowan. "Developing and Writing a Research Proposal." In From Postgraduate to Social Scientist: A Guide to Key Skills . Nigel Gilbert, ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006), 59-81; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal. International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences , Articles, and Books. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal. University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Literature Review: Conducting & Writing

• Steps for Conducting a Lit Review
• Finding "The Literature"
• Organizing/Writing
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• Chicago: Notes Bibliography This link opens in a new window
• MLA Style This link opens in a new window

Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts

Have an exemplary literature review.

Note: These are sample literature reviews from a class that were given to us by an instructor when APA 6th edition was still in effect. These were excellent papers from her class, but it does not mean they are perfect or contain no errors. Thanks to the students who let us post!

• Literature Review Sample 1
• Literature Review Sample 2
• Literature Review Sample 3

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Are you an instructor who has received an exemplary literature review and have permission from the student to post?

Please contact Britt McGowan at [email protected] for inclusion in this guide. All disciplines welcome and encouraged.

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How to write a literature review introduction (+ examples)

The introduction to a literature review serves as your reader’s guide through your academic work and thought process. Explore the significance of literature review introductions in review papers, academic papers, essays, theses, and dissertations. We delve into the purpose and necessity of these introductions, explore the essential components of literature review introductions, and provide step-by-step guidance on how to craft your own, along with examples.

Why you need an introduction for a literature review

In academic writing , the introduction for a literature review is an indispensable component. Effective academic writing requires proper paragraph structuring to guide your reader through your argumentation. This includes providing an introduction to your literature review.

It is imperative to remember that you should never start sharing your findings abruptly. Even if there isn’t a dedicated introduction section .

When you need an introduction for a literature review

There are three main scenarios in which you need an introduction for a literature review:

What to include in a literature review introduction

It is crucial to customize the content and depth of your literature review introduction according to the specific format of your academic work.

Academic literature review paper

The introduction of an academic literature review paper, which does not rely on empirical data, often necessitates a more extensive introduction than the brief literature review introductions typically found in empirical papers. It should encompass:

Regular literature review section in an academic article or essay

In a standard 8000-word journal article, the literature review section typically spans between 750 and 1250 words. The first few sentences or the first paragraph within this section often serve as an introduction. It should encompass:

Introduction to a literature review chapter in thesis or dissertation

Some students choose to incorporate a brief introductory section at the beginning of each chapter, including the literature review chapter. Alternatively, others opt to seamlessly integrate the introduction into the initial sentences of the literature review itself. Both approaches are acceptable, provided that you incorporate the following elements:

Examples of literature review introductions

Example 1: an effective introduction for an academic literature review paper.

To begin, let’s delve into the introduction of an academic literature review paper. We will examine the paper “How does culture influence innovation? A systematic literature review”, which was published in 2018 in the journal Management Decision.

Example 2: An effective introduction to a literature review section in an academic paper

The second example represents a typical academic paper, encompassing not only a literature review section but also empirical data, a case study, and other elements. We will closely examine the introduction to the literature review section in the paper “The environmentalism of the subalterns: a case study of environmental activism in Eastern Kurdistan/Rojhelat”, which was published in 2021 in the journal Local Environment.

Thus, the author successfully introduces the literature review, from which point onward it dives into the main concept (‘subalternity’) of the research, and reviews the literature on socio-economic justice and environmental degradation.

Examples 3-5: Effective introductions to literature review chapters

Numerous universities offer online repositories where you can access theses and dissertations from previous years, serving as valuable sources of reference. Many of these repositories, however, may require you to log in through your university account. Nevertheless, a few open-access repositories are accessible to anyone, such as the one by the University of Manchester . It’s important to note though that copyright restrictions apply to these resources, just as they would with published papers.

Master’s thesis literature review introduction

Phd thesis literature review chapter introduction, phd thesis literature review introduction.

The last example is the doctoral thesis Metacognitive strategies and beliefs: Child correlates and early experiences Chan, K. Y. M. (Author). 31 Dec 2020 . The author clearly conducted a systematic literature review, commencing the review section with a discussion of the methodology and approach employed in locating and analyzing the selected records.

Steps to write your own literature review introduction

Master academia, get new content delivered directly to your inbox, the best answers to "what are your plans for the future", 10 tips for engaging your audience in academic writing, related articles, minimalist writing for a better thesis, how to deal with procrastination productively during thesis writing, the top 10 thesis defense questions (+ how to prepare strong answers), the best coursera courses for phd researchers in 2023.

How to Prepare a Research Proposal and Literature Review

All HDR candidates are required to prepare a research proposal and literature review for their first Research Progress Review. If you are a PhD candidate, this will be your Confirmation Review. 

Your research proposal and literature review should be a comprehensive outline of your research topic and show how you will make an original contribution to knowledge in your field. Your Review panel will use your research proposal and literature review to assess the viability of your research project, and to provide you with valuable feedback on your topic, methodology, research design, timeline and milestones. 

UNSW Academic Skills provides a detailed description of how to develop and structure your research proposal. 

Your Faculty and/or School may have particular requirements, and you should contact your Postgraduate Coordinator or your supervisor if you’re unsure of what is required.  

Additional Resources

All disciplinary areas A guide for writing thesis proposals - UNSW Academic Skills Confirmation – not as big a deal as you think it is? - the Thesis Whisperer

Humanities and Social Sciences Essential ingredients of a good research proposal for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the social sciences – Raymond Talinbe Abdulai and Anthony Owusu-Ansah, SAGE Open, Jul-Sep 2014  Template for writing your PhD Confirmation document in Sociology and Anthropology - S A Hamed Hosseini

Science, Technology, Engineering and Medicine How to prepare a research proposal – Asya Al-Riyami, Oman Medical Journal Writing a scientific research proposal – author unknown

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Develop your budget.

As you begin to develop a budget for your research grant application and put all of the relevant costs down on paper, many questions may arise. Your best resources for answering these questions are the grants or sponsored programs office within your own institution, your departmental administrative officials, and your peers. They can answer questions such as:

• What should be considered a direct cost or indirect cost?
• What is the fringe benefit rate?
• What is the graduate student stipend rate?
• What Facilities and Administrative (F&A) costs rate should I use?

Below are some additional tips and reminders we have found to be helpful for preparing a research grant application, mainly geared towards the SF424 (R&R) application.

Cost Considerations

An applicant's budget request is reviewed for compliance with the governing cost principles and other requirements and policies applicable to the type of recipient and the type of award. Any resulting award will include a budget that is consistent with these requirements. Information on the applicable cost principles and on allowable and unallowable costs under NIH grants is provided in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, Section 7.2 The Cost Principles , Statement under Cost Considerations . In general, NIH grant awards provide for reimbursement of actual, allowable costs incurred and are subject to Federal cost principles .

The cost principles address four tests that NIH follows in determining the allowability of costs. Costs charged to awards must be allowable, allocable, reasonable, necessary, and consistently applied regardless of the source of funds. NIH may disallow the costs if it determines, through audit or otherwise, that the costs do not meet the tests of allowability, allocability, reasonableness, necessity, and consistency.

Budgets: Getting Started

• II.1 (Mechanism of Support),
• II.2 (Funds Available),
• III.2 (Cost Sharing or Matching), and
• IV.5 (Funding Restrictions).
• Identify all the costs that are necessary and reasonable to complete the work described in your proposal.
• Throughout the budgeting process, round to whole dollars and use only U.S. dollars.
• Reviewers look for reasonable costs and will judge whether your request is justified by your aims and methods.
• Reviewers will consider the person months you've listed for each of the senior/key personnel and will judge whether the figures are in sync with reviewer expectations, based on the research proposed.
• Significant over- or under-estimating suggests you may not understand the scope of the work. Despite popular myth, proposing a cost-sharing (matching) arrangement where you only request that NIH support some of the funding while your organization funds the remainder does not normally impact the evaluation of your proposal. Only a few select programs require cost-sharing, and these programs will address cost-sharing in the funding opportunity.

Direct Costs: Costs that can be identified specifically with a particular sponsored project, an instructional activity, or any other institutional activity, or that can be directly assigned to such activities relatively easily with a high degree of accuracy.

F&A Costs: Necessary costs incurred by a recipient for a common or joint purpose benefitting more than one cost objective, and not readily assignable to the cost objectives specifically benefitted, without effort disproportionate to the results achieved. To facilitate equitable distribution of indirect expenses to the cost objectives served, it may be necessary to establish a number of pools of F&A (indirect) costs. F&A (indirect) cost pools must be distributed to benefitted cost objectives on bases that will produce an equitable result in consideration of relative benefits derived.

• The total costs requested in your budget will include allowable direct costs (related to the performance of the grant) plus allowable F&A costs. If awarded, each budget period of the Notice of Award will reflect direct costs, applicable F&A, and in the case of SBIR or STTR awards, a "profit" or fee .
• F&A costs are determined by applying your organization's negotiated F&A rate to your direct cost base. Most educational, hospital, or non-profit organizations have negotiated their rates with other Federal (cognizant) agencies such as the Department of Health and Human Services or the Office of Naval Research. If you are a for-profit organization, the F&A costs are negotiated by the Division of Cost Allocation (DCA), Division of Financial Advisory Services (DFAS) in the Office of Acquisition Management and Policy , NIH.
• For most institutions the negotiated F&A rate will use a modified total direct cost base, which excludes items such as: equipment, student tuition, research patient care costs, rent, and sub-recipient charges (after the first $25,000). Check with your sponsored programs office to find out your negotiated direct cost base.
• When calculating whether your direct cost per year is $500,000 or greater, do not include any sub-recipient F&A in the base but do include all other direct costs as well as any equipment costs. Note Direct cost requests equal to or greater than $500,000 require prior approval from the NIH Institute/Center before application submission.  For more information, see NIH Guide Notice NOT-OD-02-004 .
• For many SBIR/STTR recipients, 40% of modified total direct costs is a common F&A rate, although rates at organizations may vary.

Modular versus Detailed Budgets

The NIH uses 2 different formats for budget submission depending on the total direct costs requested and the activity code used. 

The application forms package associated with most NIH funding opportunities includes two optional budget forms—(1) R&R Budget Form; and, (2) PHS 398 Modular Budget Form. NIH applications will include either the R&R Budget Form or the PHS 398 Modular Budget Form, but not both. To determine whether to use a detailed versus modular budget for your NIH application, see the flowchart below.

Modular Budgets

NIH uses a modular budget format to request up to a total of $250,000 of direct costs per year (in modules of $25,000, excluding consortium F&A costs) for some applications, rather than requiring a full detailed budget. The modular budget format is NOT accepted for​​

• ​SBIR and STTR grant applications,
• applications from foreign (non-U.S.) institutions (must use detailed budget even when modular option is available), or
• applications that propose the use of human fetal tissue (HFT) obtained from elective abortions (as defined in  NOT-OD-19-128  for HFT) whether or not costs are incurred.

Creating a modular budget

• Select the PHS398 Modular Budget form for your submission package, and use the appropriate set of instructions from the electronic application user's guide. You do not need to submit the SF424 (R&R) Budget form if you submit the PHS398 Modular Budget form.
• Consider creating a detailed budget for your own institution's use including salaries, equipment, supplies, graduate student tuition, etc. for every year of funds requested. While the NIH will not ask for these details, they are important for you to have on hand when calculating your F&A costs base and writing your justification, and for audit purposes.
• In order to determine how many modules you should request, subtract any consortium F&A from the total direct costs, and then round to the nearest $25,000 increment.

A modular budget justification should include:

• Personnel Justification: The Personnel Justification should include the name, role, and number of person-months devoted to this project for every person on the project. Do not include salary and fringe benefit rate in the justification, but keep in mind the legislatively mandated salary cap when calculating your budget. [When preparing a modular budget, you are instructed to use the current cap when determining the appropriate number of modules.] 
• Consortium Justification: If you have a consortium/subcontract, include the total costs (direct costs plus F&A costs), rounded to the nearest $1,000, for each consortium/subcontract. Additionally, any personnel should include their roles and person months; if the consortium is foreign, that should be stated as well.
• Additional Narrative Justification: Additional justification should include explanations for any variations in the number of modules requested annually. Also, this section should describe any direct costs that were excluded from the total direct costs (such as equipment, tuition remission) and any work being conducted off-site, especially if it involves a foreign study site or an off-site F&A rate.

Detailed Budget: Personnel (Sections A & B)

Personnel make up sections A and B of the SF424 (R&R) Budget form. All personnel from the applicant organization dedicating effort to the project should be listed on the personnel budget with their base salary and effort, even if they are not requesting salary support.

• Effort : Effort must be reported in person months. For help converting percent effort to person months, see Usage of Person Months FAQs .
• Salary Caps: NIH will not pay requested salary above the annual salary cap, which can be found at Salary Cap Summary . If salary is requested above the salary cap, NIH will reduce that line item to the salary cap, resulting in a reduced total award amount. In future years, if the salary cap increases, recipients may rebudget to pay investigator salaries up to the new salary cap, but NIH will not increase the total award amount. If you are preparing a detailed budget, you are instructed to base your request on actual institutional base salaries (not the cap) so that NIH staff has the most current information in hand at the time of award and can apply the appropriate salary cap at that time.
• Fringe Benefits: The fringe benefits rate is based on your institution's policy; the NIH does not have a pre-set limit on fringe benefits. More information on what is included as fringe benefits can be found in the Grants Policy Statement . If you have questions about what rate to use, consult your institution's sponsored programs office. 
• Senior/Key Personnel: The Senior/Key Personnel section should include any senior or key personnel from the applicant organization who are dedicating effort to this project. "Other Significant Contributors" who dedicate negligible effort should not be included. Some common significant contributors include: 1) CEOs of companies who provide overall leadership, but no direct contribution to the research; and 2) mentors for K awardees, who provide advice and guidance to the candidate but do not work on the project. Likewise, any consultants or collaborators who are not employed by the applicant organization should not be included in section A, but rather should be included in section F.3 of the budget (for consultants) or in section A of the consortium/subaward budget page (for collaborators).
• Postdoctoral Associates: Postdocs can be listed in either section A or B depending on their level of involvement in project design and execution. If listed in section B, include the individuals' names and level of effort in the budget justification section.
• Graduate Students: Graduate students can be listed in either section A or B, but if listed in section B, include the individuals' names and level of effort in the budget justification section. Tuition remission is included in section F.8 (not section A), but is included in the graduate student compensation limits. Read more about the graduate student compensation limit . For current NRSA stipend levels, check the NIH Fiscal Policies .
• Other Personnel: Other personnel can be listed by project role. If multiple people share the same role such as "lab technician", indicate the number of personnel to the left of the role description, add their person months together, and add their requested salaries together. The salaries of secretarial/clerical staff should normally be treated as F&A costs. Direct charging of these costs may be appropriate where a major project or activity explicitly budgets for administrative or clerical services and individuals involved can be specifically identified with the project or activity [see Exhibit C of OMB Circular A-21 (relocated to 2 CFR, Part 220)]. Be specific in your budget justifications when describing other personnel's roles and responsibilities.

Detailed Budget: Equipment, Travel, and Trainee Costs (Sections C, D, and E)

• Generally, equipment is excluded from the F&A base. If you have something with a short service life (< 1 year), even if it costs more than $5,000, you are better off including it under "supplies."
• If you request equipment that is already available (listed in the Facilities & Other Resources section, for example), the narrative justification must explain why the current equipment is insufficient to accomplish the proposed research and how the new equipment's use will be allocated specifically to the proposed research. Otherwise, NIH may disallow this cost.
• General purpose equipment, such as desktop computers and laptops, that will be used on multiple projects or for personal use should not be listed as a direct cost but should come out of the F&A costs, unless primarily or exclusively used in the actual conduct of the proposed scientific research.
• While the application does not require you to have a price quote for new equipment, including price quotes in your budget justification can aid in the evaluation of the equipment cost to support the project.
• Travel: In the budget justification, include the destination, number of people traveling and dates or duration of your stay for all anticipated travel. As with the equipment justification, it is important that you clearly state how the travel is directly related to your proposed research (e.g. you can go to a conference to present your research, but not just for the purpose of "staying current in your field"). You should refer to your institution's travel policy for guidance on how you should arrange the travel, but if your institution lacks a policy, it is expected that you will follow the U.S. federal travel regulation .
• Trainee Costs: Leave this section blank unless otherwise stated in the funding opportunity. Graduate student tuition remission can be entered in section F.8.

Detailed Budget: Other Direct Costs (Section F)

• Materials and Supplies: In the budget justification, indicate general categories such as glassware, chemicals, animal costs, including an amount for each category. Categories that include costs less than $1,000 do not have to be itemized.  
• Animal Costs: While included under "materials and supplies", it is often helpful to include more specific details about how you developed your estimate for animal costs. Include the number of animals you expect to use, the purchase price for the animals (if you need to purchase any), and your animal facility's per diem care rate, if available.  Details are especially helpful if your animal care costs are unusually large or small. For example, if you plan to follow your animals for an abnormally long time period and do not include per diem rates, the reviewers may think you have budgeted too much for animal costs and may recommend a budget cut.  
• Publication Costs: You may include the costs associated with helping you disseminate your research findings from the proposed research. If this is a new application, you may want to delay publication costs until the later budget periods, once you have actually obtained data to share.  
• Consultant Services: Consultants differ from Consortiums in that they may provide advice, but should not be making decisions for the direction of the research. Typically, consultants will charge a fixed rate for their services that includes both their direct and F&A costs. You do not need to report separate direct and F&A costs for consultants; however, you should report how much of the total estimated costs will be spent on travel. Consultants are not subject to the salary cap restriction; however, any consultant charges should meet your institution's definition of "reasonableness".  
• ADP/Computer Services: The services you include here should be research specific computer services- such as reserving computing time on supercomputers or getting specialized software to help run your statistics. This section should not include your standard desktop office computer, laptop, or the standard tech support provided by your institution. Those types of charges should come out of the F&A costs.  
• Justify basis for costs, itemize by category.
• Enter the total funds requested for alterations and renovations. Where applicable, provide the square footage and costs.
• If A&R costs are in excess of $300,000 further limitations apply and additional documentation will be required.
• The names of any hospitals and/or clinics and the amounts requested for each.
• If both inpatient and outpatient costs are requested, provide information for each separately.
• Provide cost breakdown, number of days, number of patients, costs of tests/treatments.
• Justify the costs associated with standard care or research care. Note If these costs are associated with patient accrual, restrictions may be justified in the Notice of Award.) (See NIH Grants Policy Statement NIH Grants Policy Statement, Research Patient Care Costs )
• Tuition: In your budget justification, for any graduate students on your project, include what your school's tuition rates are. You may have to report both an in-state and out-of-state tuition rate. Depending on your school stipend and tuition levels, you may have to budget less than your school's full tuition rate in order to meet the graduate student compensation limit (equivalent to the NRSA zero-level postdoctorate stipend level).  
• Human Fetal Tissue (HFT) from elective abortions: If your application proposes the use of human fetal tissue obtained from elective abortions (as defined in NOT-OD-19-128 ), you must include a line item titled “Human Fetal Tissue Costs” on the budget form and an explanation of those costs in the budget justification.  
• Other: Some types of costs, such as entertainment costs, are not allowed under federal grants. NIH has included a list of the most common questionable items in the NIH Grants Policy Statement . If NIH discovers an unallowable cost in your budget, generally we will discount that cost from your total award amount, so it is in your best interest to avoid requesting unallowable costs. If you have any question over whether a cost is allowable, contact your sponsored programs office or the grants management specialist listed on the funding opportunity.

Consortiums/Subawards

If you are using the detailed budget format, each consortium you include must have an independent budget form filled out.

• In the rare case of third tier subawards, section F.5 "subawards/consortium/contractual" costs should include the total cost of the subaward, and the entire third tier award is considered part of the direct costs of the consortium for the purposes of calculating the primary applicant's direct costs.
• Cost Principles. Regardless of what cost principles apply to the parent recipient, the consortium is held to the standards of their respective set of cost principles.
• Consortium F&A costs are NOT included as part of the direct cost base when determining whether the application can use the modular format (direct costs < $250,000 per year), or determining whether prior approval is needed to submit an application (direct costs $500,000 or more for any year). Note The $500K prior approval policy does not apply to applications submitted in response to RFAs or in response to other funding opportunities including specific budgetary limits above $500K.
• F&A costs for the first $25,000 of each consortium may be included in the modified total direct cost base, when calculating the overall F&A rate, as long as your institution's negotiated F&A rate agreement does not express prohibit it.
• If the consortium is a foreign institution or international organization, F&A for the consortium is limited to 8%.
• If the consortium is with a for-profit entity, such as a small business, the organization must have a negotiated F&A rate before they can charge F&A costs. The default small business rate of 40% is only applicable to SBIR (R43 &R44) and STTR (R41 & R42) applications. See the Division of Financial and Accounting Services (DFAS) at NIH to set up a rate.
• Consortiums should each provide a budget justification following their detailed budget. The justification should be separate from the primary recipient's justification and address just those items that pertain to the consortium.

Understanding the Out Years

• We do not expect your budget to predict perfectly how you will spend your money five years down the road. However, we do expect a reasonable approximation of what you intend to spend. Be thorough enough to convince the reviewers that you have a good sense of the overall costs.
• In general, NIH does not have policy on salary escalation submitted in an application. We advise applicants to request in the application the actual costs needed for the budget period and to request cost escalations only if the escalation is consistent with institutional policy. See Salary Cap Summary and NIH Fiscal Policy FAQs .
• Any large year-to-year variation should be described in your budget justification. For example, if you have money set aside for consultants only in the final year of your budget, be sure to explain why in your justification (e.g. the consultants are intended to help you with the statistical interpretation of the data and therefore are not needed before the final year).
• In general, NIH recipients are allowed a certain degree of latitude to rebudget within and between budget categories to meet unanticipated needs and to make other types of post-award changes. Some changes may be made at the recipient's discretion as long as they are within the limits established by NIH. In other cases, NIH prior written approval may be required before a recipient makes certain budget modifications or undertakes particular activities (such as change in scope). See NIH Grants Policy Statement - Changes in Project and Budget .
• Planning & Budgeting for Data Management and Sharing  

Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.

15 Literature Review Examples. Literature reviews are a necessary step in a research process and often required when writing your research proposal. They involve gathering, analyzing, and evaluating existing knowledge about a topic in order to find gaps in the literature where future studies will be needed. Ideally, once you have completed your ...

you write your method section for example, you will look back at your review of the literature to ensure that it reflects what you mention in the method section. This step will concentrate on developing review of the literature for a research proposal. In a review of the literature for a scientific research proposal you must demonstrate that you:

This presentation is to help students address problems of presentation of their literature review sections in their proposals and thesis. Content may be subject to copyright. 1. Introduction ...

A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and highlights key findings in the literature. 1 The purpose of a literature review is to situate your own research within the context of existing scholarship, demonstrating your understanding of the topic and showing ...

The literature review opening/introduction section; The theoretical framework (or foundation of theory) The empirical research; The research gap; The closing section; We then progress to the sample literature review (from an A-grade Master's-level dissertation) to show how these concepts are applied in the literature review chapter. You can ...

Step 1: Find the relevant literature. Naturally, the first step in the literature review journey is to hunt down the existing research that's relevant to your topic. While you probably already have a decent base of this from your research proposal, you need to expand on this substantially in the dissertation or thesis itself.. Essentially, you need to be looking for any existing literature ...

Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research. There are five key steps to writing a literature review: Search for relevant literature. Evaluate sources. Identify themes, debates and gaps.

literature review can be an essential component of any research proposal and grant application. Systematic vs Narrative Review At this point it is important to say that there are different kinds of review you may be asked to write. By far the commonest kind of review you will ever read or be asked

Demonstrate your knowledge of the research topic. Identify the gaps in the literature and show how your research links to these. Provide the foundation for your conceptual framework (if you have one) Inform your own methodology and research design. To achieve this, your literature review needs a well-thought-out structure.

Definition. A literature review is an assessment of the sources in a chosen topic of research. In a literature review, you're expected to report on the existing scholarly conversation, without adding new contributions. If you are currently writing one, you've come to the right place. In the following paragraphs, we will explain: the objective ...

1. Outline and identify the purpose of a literature review. As a first step on how to write a literature review, you must know what the research question or topic is and what shape you want your literature review to take. Ensure you understand the research topic inside out, or else seek clarifications.

A review may be a self-contained unit — an end in itself — or a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research. A review is a required part of grant and research proposals and often a chapter in theses and dissertations. Generally, the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through ...

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A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories.A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that ...

2. MOTIVATE YOUR RESEARCH in addition to providing useful information about your topic, your literature review must tell a story about how your project relates to existing literature. popular literature review narratives include: ¡ plugging a gap / filling a hole within an incomplete literature ¡ building a bridge between two "siloed" literatures, putting literatures "in conversation"

A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research or theory, and provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works.The goal of this form of a proposal is to provide an overview of the significant trends in ...

Example of a Literature Review. To illustrate how a literature review is structured and written, here's a simplified example based on a hypothetical research topic: The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health. Introduction: The introduction provides an overview of the research topic and its significance.

We walk you through a literature review chapter from a dissertation that earned full distinction. We also discuss each of the core components that need to go...

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This guide will provide research and writing tips to help students complete a literature review assignment. ... These are sample literature reviews from a class that were given to us by an instructor when APA 6th edition was still in effect. These were excellent papers from her class, but it does not mean they are perfect or contain no errors ...

These sections serve to establish a scholarly basis for the research or discussion within the paper. In a standard 8000-word journal article, the literature review section typically spans between 750 and 1250 words. The first few sentences or the first paragraph within this section often serve as an introduction.

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In the present study we will conduct a systematic literature review of studies that have addressed feedback in mathematics. We will examine the feedback addressed in these studies and use the Hattie and Timperley (Citation 2007) model as an overarching framework for identifying more detailed characteristics of the feedback included in the ...

You'll find several kinds of fields in your grant application forms - check boxes, dates, data entry fields, and attachments. This page provides guidance on attachments: documents that are prepared outside the grant application using whatever editing software you desire (e.g., Microsoft Word), converted to PDF format, and then added or uploaded to your application.

Identify all the costs that are necessary and reasonable to complete the work described in your proposal. ... (listed in the Facilities & Other Resources section, for example), the narrative justification must explain why the current equipment is insufficient to accomplish the proposed research and how the new equipment's use will be allocated ...

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