robert h perry yacht design

Great choice! Your favorites are temporarily saved for this session. Sign in to save them permanently, access them on any device, and receive relevant alerts.

• Sailboat Guide

Robert Perry

Probably the most influential yacht designer of the late 20th century, it’s been said there are more sailboats cruising the worlds oceans designed by Bob Perry than any other designer. He remains best known for the his  Valiant 40  design which went on to influence cruising sailboats by adding performance to a genre that had previously meant slow and heavy. Through his career he has designed boats for many well recognized names in the industry, such as Tayana, Cheoy Lee, Valiant, Baba, Ta Shing, Passport and Saga.

As a young boy he had a burning passion for yacht design. His first break came in 1970 working as an assistant Jay Benford’s offices who specialized in ferro-cement yachts that were becoming popular at the time. He went on to work in the offices of Dick Carter which gave Perry a taste of designing racing yachts to the IOR rule. Many of his subsequent cruising boat designs have been influenced by his days at the Carter office, Perry seems to bring a performance dimension to most of his designs.

His first design to make it to factory production was the Taiwanese built CT54 for John Edwards, founder Hans Christian Yachts. This connection lead on to a whole family of full keeled double enders for practically every Taiwanese yard exporting cruising yachts to the US during the 1970s and 80s including the  Tayana 37 , the most popular semi-custom boat built in that era. During those years Perry has evolved the full keel design to very much the state of the art to this present day.

Links & References

» Perry Yacht Designers Inc,  Robert Perry Bio \ »  Yacht Design According to Perry , My Boats and What Shaped Them, by Robert Perry, ISBN 978-0071465571

{% comment %} Robert Perry 11530 Tulare Way West Tulalip WA 98271 Phone: 360-652-7771 E-mail: [email protected] Bob Perry: [email protected] {% endcomment %}

100 Sailboats designed by Robert Perry

Islander 28

Islander 32-2

Islander Freeport 36

Passport 40

Flying Tiger 10M

Cheoy Lee 35

Norseman 447

Seamaster 46

Perry 41/aloha 41.

Valiant Esprit 37

Cheoy Lee 48

Hans christian 34.

Islander Freeport 41

Mariner 39 (Perry)

Passport 37

Islander 38 C

Golden Wave 42

Islander 34-2

Islander 26

C&C Landfall 39

Westsail 39

Valiant 40 PH

Passport 41

South Pacific 42

Tayana 47 CC

Cheoy Lee 43 MS

Cheoy Lee 44

Islander Bahama 28

Yachtcraft 32, islander freeport 38, islander 32-3.

Islander Bahama 26

Reliance 37.

Hans Christian 36

Flying Tiger 7.5

Passport 50

Passport 47

Passport 44, passport 456.

Passport 470 AC

Mirage 25 (Perry)

Mirage 27 (Perry)

Mirage 26 (Perry)

White Wing 35/36

Baba 40 Pilot House

Tashiba 36 PH

Valiant 42RS

Nordic 45 RS

CT-65 / Scorpio 72

Tayana 47 DS

• About Sailboat Guide

©2024 Sea Time Tech, LLC

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

Open Daily 10am - 5pm | 365 Thames Street, Newport RI, 02840 Plan Your Visit

Open Daily 10am - 5pm  Plan Your Visit

Robert “Bob” Perry

Sydney, Australia

June 25, 1946

Inductee Class Of

Robert Howard “Bob” Perry has spent his career designing comfortable, attractive, and easy to sail yachts.   He has over 380 designs to his credit, which have resulted in more than 6,000 boats that have been launched.   He looks back on his career, noting “My hobby has been my occupation.   So far, I’ve had a good ride.   I’ve weathered a few squalls along the way, but when I survey my collection of designs, I’m proud of my productivity and durability.”   One of his most notable designs is the Valiant 40, which was called a “performance cruiser.”   The boat featured a canoe type stern with a fin keel and skeg hung rudder instead of a traditional full keel.   Other builders Perry has designed yachts for include Tayana, Cheoy Lee, Valiant, Baba, Ta Shing, Hans Christian Yachts, Islander, Passport, Pacific Seacraft, and Saga.   He is a student of his craft and has taught yacht design at Evergreen State College in Washington.   Readers of Sailing magazine are familiar with his boat reviews that have been published in every issue for over forty years.

In 2008, Perry published a review of his own career with an overview of his approach to naval architecture.   The book is titled “Yacht Design According to Perry.” It is an easy-to-read overview with helpful drawing, diagrams, and pictures of his vast collection of designs.   He explained his goal for the book, “If I’ve mixed the right ingredients in the right proportions, this book – I hope – will be something any sailor can chew on and find nutritious.”

Perry was born in Toledo, Ohio.   His mother was from Australia and talked the family into moving to Sydney when Robert was one year old.   They returned to the USA in 1957 when Bob was 12 years old.   The family traveled on a Liberty ship that barely sailed at 9 knots across the Pacific Ocean.   Perry reflects on the trip, “Looking back, I think the month-long voyage played a seminal role in my obsession with boats.   I enjoyed every day of it, including the three days we spent riding out a typhoon in the North Pacific.”

The Perry family settled in Seattle, Washington.   Bob raced Penguin dinghies and crewed with renowned yacht designer Bill Garden and even served as his apprentice one summer.   He was bored and broke, and called yacht designer Jay Benford to show him a series of his yacht designs.   Perry was hired on the spot.   He spent one year with Benford before launching his own career that has been successful ever since.

~ Gary Jobson

Meet the Latest Hall of Fame Inductees

Kevin Burnham

Conn Francis Findlay

Eric Robert Dudley Hall

Benjamin Staples Hall

James H Pete Melvin

Gary W. Mull

Jan Pardee Chance O’Malley

Richard Lloyd “Dick” Tillman

Charles “Butch” Richard Ulmer

Franklin J. “Jerry” Wood

Carl A. Alberg

Allegra Knapp Brickell “Leggie” Mertz

Sign up for our newsletter.

Check out our monthly newsletter that includes upcoming events, news and more.

" * " indicates required fields

The Sailing Museum & National Sailing Hall of Fame

365 Thames St. Newport RI 02840 401.324.5761

The Sailing Museum

National sailing hall of fame, get involved.

• Become a Member
• Host an Event

© 2011 – 2024 The Sailing Museum and National Sailing Hall of Fame  |  Privacy Policy   |  Site Credits

• Kindle Store
• Kindle eBooks
• Engineering & Transportation

Promotions apply when you purchase

These promotions will be applied to this item:

Some promotions may be combined; others are not eligible to be combined with other offers. For details, please see the Terms & Conditions associated with these promotions.

• Highlight, take notes, and search in the book
• In this edition, page numbers are just like the physical edition

Buy for others

Buying and sending ebooks to others.

• Select quantity
• Buy and send eBooks
• Recipients can read on any device

These ebooks can only be redeemed by recipients in the US. Redemption links and eBooks cannot be resold.

Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required .

Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web.

Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app.

Image Unavailable

• To view this video download Flash Player

Follow the author

Yacht Design According to Perry (PB): My Boats and What Shaped Them 1st Edition, Kindle Edition

A great designer offers you a virtuoso tour through the world of sailboats

Bob Perry initiated the trend toward fast voyaging sailboats with his world-famous Valiant 40, which has been in production longer than any other cruising sailboat in history. But Perry is not only a leading yacht designer--he is also an accomplished wordsmith whose blunt, insightful, irreverent, and always entertaining boat reviews have captivated readers of Sailing magazine for 24 years. This book is vintage Perry, a no-holds-barred tour of the world of yacht design through the benchmark boats of his 30-year career.

• ISBN-13 978-0071465571
• Edition 1st
• Sticky notes On Kindle Scribe
• Publisher International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press
• Publication date September 5, 2007
• Language English
• File size 20406 KB
• See all details

Kindle E-Readers

• Kindle Paperwhite
• Kindle Paperwhite (5th Generation)
• Kindle Touch
• Kindle Voyage
• Kindle Oasis
• All new Kindle paperwhite
• All New Kindle E-reader
• Kindle Oasis (9th Generation)
• Kindle Paperwhite (10th Generation)
• Kindle Paperwhite (11th Generation)
• All New Kindle E-reader (11th Generation)
• Kindle Scribe (1st Generation)
• Kindle (10th Generation)
• Kindle Oasis (10th Generation)

Fire Tablets

• Fire HD 8 (8th Generation)
• Fire 7 (9th Generation)
• Fire HD 10 (9th Generation)
• Fire HD 8 (10th Generation)
• Fire HD 10 (11th Generation)
• Fire HD 10 Plus
• Fire 7 (12th Generation)
• Fire HD 8 (12th Generation)
• Fire HD 8 Plus

Free Kindle Reading Apps

• Kindle for Android Phones
• Kindle for Android Tablets
• Kindle for iPhone
• Kindle for iPad
• Kindle for Mac
• Kindle for PC
• Kindle for Web

Customers who bought this item also bought

Editorial Reviews

From the publisher.

Bob Perry’s body of work has established him as one of the world leaders in performance-oriented cruising yachts.Thanks to his sharp wit and critical insights, his popular yacht design reviews have appeared in Sailing magazine monthly for 24 years.

About the Author

Product details.

• ASIN ‏ : ‎ B000WJOU00
• Publisher ‏ : ‎ International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press; 1st edition (September 5, 2007)
• Publication date ‏ : ‎ September 5, 2007
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• File size ‏ : ‎ 20406 KB
• Simultaneous device usage ‏ : ‎ Up to 4 simultaneous devices, per publisher limits
• Text-to-Speech ‏ : ‎ Enabled
• Screen Reader ‏ : ‎ Supported
• Enhanced typesetting ‏ : ‎ Enabled
• X-Ray ‏ : ‎ Not Enabled
• Word Wise ‏ : ‎ Enabled
• Sticky notes ‏ : ‎ On Kindle Scribe
• Print length ‏ : ‎ 290 pages
• #23 in Ships Repair & Maintenance
• #133 in Ship Repair & Maintenance
• #271 in Sailing (Kindle Store)

About the author

Robert h. perry.

Discover more of the author’s books, see similar authors, read author blogs and more

Customer reviews

• 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 5 star 84% 8% 4% 2% 3% 84%
• 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 4 star 84% 8% 4% 2% 3% 8%
• 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 3 star 84% 8% 4% 2% 3% 4%
• 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 2 star 84% 8% 4% 2% 3% 2%
• 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 1 star 84% 8% 4% 2% 3% 3%

Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them.

To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness.

Customers say

Customers find the book's information quality to be amazing, detailed, and informative. They also describe it as great fun, excellent, and fantastic. Readers appreciate the narrative style and anecdotal stories. They describe the writing style as a joy and the book as readable.

AI-generated from the text of customer reviews

Customers find the book amazingly detailed and informative. They appreciate the useful comments on technical details about boat design. Readers also say the book is clear, inspiring, and thorough. In addition, they say it's filled with great anecdotes about the coming of age of the boat.

"While Bob's book is filled with really great anechdotes describing the coming of age of the performance cruiser, the technical presentation is the..." Read more

"...That discussion also talks about the trade-offs of each. The discussion is clear , concise, and easy to understand...." Read more

"...Perry is an excellent writer, clear , concise and thorough and his broad experience allows him to explore a wide range of designs and design..." Read more

"...The author and highly successful naval architect shares his secrets with depth , breadth and clarity...." Read more

Customers find the book great fun, excellent, and fantastic. They also say it's about one of the best living boat designers.

"...Bottom line, if you can't find this boat instructional and entertaining , maybe boats just aren't your thing and you should consider something like..." Read more

"...is very technical and highly detailed, and yet is easy to read and enjoyable . The best book I've ever read on sailboat design...." Read more

"... Absolutely fantastic ! HB" Read more

"...Nicely printed. For those of us owning a Perry design, it's great fun reading and re-reading why he designed them the way he did. Highly recommended." Read more

Customers find the narrative style enjoyable, detailed, and witty. They also say the author explains the truth about boats in layman's terms.

"...Perry is an excellent writer , clear, concise and thorough and his broad experience allows him to explore a wide range of designs and design..." Read more

"... His narrative makes enjoyable reading and he explains as best he can in layman's terms the innumerable constraints that are/were placed on a yacht..." Read more

"...He is witty , candid in his discussion and humble enough to note things he could improve in his own designs...." Read more

"...The guy can actually write! Many fun anecdotal stories as well as more technical sections." Read more

Customers find the book readable, informative, and destined to be a classic treatise on yacht design. They say the writing style is a joy, and the book is nicely printed.

"...by Robert Perry is very technical and highly detailed, and yet is easy to read and enjoyable. The best book I've ever read on sailboat design...." Read more

"Bob's eye for yacht design and his writing style are a joy ! Like a fine meal... you savor every bite! I'll order another copy, hopefully before long." Read more

"...His easily read prose is makes the understanding of yacht design much easier. I wish I had bought the book when it was first published." Read more

"An excellent book written by the maestro of yacht design. Readable , informative and destined to be a classic treatise on yacht design." Read more

Customers find the design interesting. They say the book provides insight into the design process.

"...This book presents design concepts based on Perry's boats that can make the reader into an informed buyer...." Read more

"Some day I hope to own and restore a RP designed yacht...the cruising designs are classic and beautiful and this book provides insight into the..." Read more

"...His work has timeless beauty above the waterline and "go fast" characteristics below...." Read more

"This is a Beautiful , informative book about boat design. Thank you Mr. Perry." Read more

• Sort reviews by Top reviews Most recent Top reviews

Top reviews from the United States

There was a problem filtering reviews right now. please try again later..

Top reviews from other countries

Report an issue

• Amazon Newsletter
• About Amazon
• Accessibility
• Sustainability
• Press Center
• Investor Relations
• Amazon Devices
• Amazon Science
• Sell on Amazon
• Sell apps on Amazon
• Supply to Amazon
• Protect & Build Your Brand
• Become an Affiliate
• Become a Delivery Driver
• Start a Package Delivery Business
• Advertise Your Products
• Self-Publish with Us
• Become an Amazon Hub Partner
• › See More Ways to Make Money
• Amazon Visa
• Amazon Store Card
• Amazon Secured Card
• Amazon Business Card
• Shop with Points
• Credit Card Marketplace
• Reload Your Balance
• Amazon Currency Converter
• Your Account
• Your Orders
• Shipping Rates & Policies
• Amazon Prime
• Returns & Replacements
• Manage Your Content and Devices
• Recalls and Product Safety Alerts
• Registry & Gift List

• Conditions of Use
• Privacy Notice
• Consumer Health Data Privacy Disclosure
• Your Ads Privacy Choices

Robert H. Perry Yacht Designers

Currently in design - a carbon power cruiser, currently in design - quail, currently in design - pacific seacraft south sea 61.

Made in RapidWeaver

Perry 43 Carbon Cutters

• Bahasa Indonesia
• Slovenščina
• Science & Tech
• Russian Kitchen

Omsk: Western Siberia's hidden gem

A city view of Omsk. Source: Dmitry Feoktistov

Omsk was founded in 1716 when a wooden fort was constructed to house a Cossack unit in the area to protect the expanding Russian frontier from Central Asian nomadic incursions. It served various administrative functions throughout the 1800s and became infamous as a place of exile and incarceration. The city was rundown when selected as a hub for the Trans-Siberian railway in the 1890s. Many international trade companies and foreign consulates relocated here and the remnants of their offices can still be found in the city today.

The mystery of Kolchak’s gold

Omsk became the headquarters of the anti-Bolshevik white army led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in 1918. In late 1918 there was a revolt in the city initiated by a leftist faction (Socialist Revolutionary Party or SPs) with 500 rebel deaths at the hands of Cossacks and Czechoslovak soldiers, a major factor in convincing the SPs to join the Bolsheviks. There is a large Soviet-era monument to the uprising at the corner of Lenina street and Broz Tito street.  

Kolchak was entrusted with a large portion of the Tsarist’s gold reserves, yet amazingly lost much of it. Supposedly 250 million rubles were lost (about $8 million at the time). Legend has it that they were buried near the village of Taiga, yet numerous excavations have turned up nothing. The area still attracts the occasional fortune seeker.

Kolchak’s headquarters are located at what is today the  Omsk Regional Archives  at Broz Tito St., 3. Nothing shows how much times have changed as the imposing Kolchak statue that was unveiled in 2012 around the corner. The statue guards  Kolchak restaurant , a four-story culinary complex featuring a steak house, an Irish pub, a Central Asian café and an Italian eatery.  For more details on where and how to dig Kolchak's gold, see  Top Ten Mysterious Lost Treasures of Russia

Dostoevsky and the Tsar

At 1.15 million people Omsk dwarfs the region’s second largest city, Tara (population 28,000). The city is split by the River Irtysh into two sections (all places of interest are on the right bank) with downtown emanating from the River Om.

Most foreigners have heard of Omsk via writer Fyodor Dostoevsky who spent four years here as a prisoner (1849-1853). He spent most of his time in Omsk in squalor and chains and with no books besides the Bible, however, it left an indelible mark on his memory and influenced his future literary output. There is a statue of the writer in chains grasping a Bible at the corner of Partizanskaya and Spartakovskaya streets, where Dostoevsky undoubtedly stepped many times. A  museum dedicated to the author's time in Omsk  is located nearby at Dostoevskogo St. 1. The local university is also named for him.

A view of the Assumption Cathedral, Omsk. Source: Lori/Legion-Media

Tarskaya Street is one of the city’s oldest thoroughfares. It features a monument to victims of Stalinist repressions and the Tara gates, originally built in 1792 as one of the four entrances to the Omsk fort. Nearby stands the Assumption Cathedral, one of the largest churches in Siberia. Future Tsar Nicholas II laid the first stone here in 1891 when making his way back to St. Petersburg after his Eastern journey.

In Omsk you are never more than a few steps from the village, made clear when one exits the center to the north, where most houses are wooden and roads unpaved. Stroll along Bulatova and Rabinovicha streets, a well-preserved ensemble of wooden architecture.

Omsk’s cultural heritage 

The Pushkin State Library is worth a look with busts of Russian literary figures adorning the front side of the building. At the corner under the big “M” is one of several stations of the never completed Omsk metro. Construction began in 1992, but as of 2014 the project is again dormant due to financing problems.

One of Omsk’s most famous sons is Symbolist painter Mikhail Vrubel (1856-1910). Vrubel ignored contemporary trends and focused on themes from fairy tales, demons and religious subjects and also designed a majolica frieze for the Metropol Hotel in Moscow. Omsk’s Fine Arts Museum is named for him and features a number of  his works .

Milhail Vrubel's painting 'Demon Seated in a Garden' (1890)

Over the years a number of tourists have tripped over the monument to Stepanych. This bust of a plumber rising from a sewer was the idea of Omsk’s former mayor after a trip to Slovakia in the 1990s. Stepanych has become one of the symbols of the city.

Omsk is a hockey town, with one of the major teams,  Avangard , in the KHL, Russia’s premiere professional league. Russian champions on several occasions, check out a match at Omsk Arena. But if you can’t catch a game there’s a large kiosk featuring the team’s merchandise at the airport.

Siberian   punk, jazz and the classics

While Omsk may not be on everyone’s radar musically, it does host a  musical theater  built just after the war. The building on 10 Let Oktyabrya Street is in the form of an enormous sloping grand piano.

A monument to Stepanych, Lenina Street, Omsk. Photo credit: RIA Novosti/Pavel Lisitsyn 

Perhaps Russia’s most famous punk band,  Grazhdanskaya oborona  (Civil Defence), was formed here in 1982. The band was active until 2008 when lead singer Yegor Letov died of heart failure at age 43. Letov is buried at the Staro-Vostochnoe cemetery. A sprawling graveyard with thousands of graves, fans should stop at the administration for help in locating his grave.

In Russia, Omsk is known among the younger, tech-savvy generation primarily because of the “Omsk bird,” also known as Winged Doom. The origin of what became one of Russia’s most ubiquitous memes comes from a painting by German artist Heiko  Müller. One day in 2009 an Internet user posted this painting with the line, “Welcome to Omsk,” at the top. Additional versions menace viewers stating, “Don't try to leave Omsk,” and “Omsk is closer than you think.” Like many popular memes on the Internet, this one went viral and has become something like an unofficial symbol of the city.

All rights reserved by Rossiyskaya Gazeta.

to our newsletter!

Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox

This website uses cookies. Click here to find out more.

Outbound 5360

This raised saloon offshore cruiser offers comfort and performance.

A family cruiser that has so many interior options there’s sure to be one to suit

Elan Impression 43

An offshore cruiser with plenty of options for family cruising.

This gentleman’s skiff takes you sailing fast and comfortable

This high-powered, high-tech cruising trimaran has speed to burn

A daysailer with a vintage vibe will turn heads in every anchorage

Tanton No. 309

This rugged pilothouse cutter can handle the rough stuff in comfort.

Full Circle 30

This small oceangoing cruiser can be built by diy builders.

The redesign of a popular 50-foot cruiser offers better performance and more comfort

Dragonfly 40

This folding trimaran for fun cruising offers plenty of options.

An American-built pilothouse cruiser keeps you out of the rain

This performance cruiser has Italian flair

Retro style but modern performance are the trademarks of this new cruiser

Wallyrocket 51

This powerful one-design racer has a superyacht pedigree.

Clubswan 28

This new sportboat is the shape of things to come.

This large cruiser has a plan to fit all types

M.A.T. 12.2

This next gen racer-cruiser is elegantly fast.

Beneteau Oceanis 37.1

A comfy cruiser with loads of interior space has options to suit many.

Bob Perry gives the interior of a 1998 Farr-designed racer a makeover for offshore sail training

Hallberg-Rassy 57

Beautifully designed by german frers, this powerful cruiser is built for the open ocean, perry on design.

Current Issue

• Most Popular
• Most Commented

Annapolis Sailboat Show

How a ‘beautiful sport’ uplifts the lives of some special new sailors, september 2024, which way is better: erie canal or the st. lawrence, bargin boats to sail now, a charter cruise is a gift that keeps on giving.

Crash of a Tupolev TU-104B in Omsk

Omsk Oblast

Omsk Oblast ( Russian : О́мская о́бласть , romanized :   Omskaya oblast' ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ), located in southwestern Siberia . The oblast has an area of 139,700 square kilometers (53,900   sq   mi) . Its population is 1,977,665 ( 2010 Census ) [9] with the majority, 1.12 million, living in Omsk , the administrative center .

Prehistory and the Middle Ages

Exploration of siberia, russian empire, soviet years, post-soviet era, administrative divisions, demographics, notable people, sister relationships.

The oblast borders Tyumen Oblast in the north and west, Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the east, and Kazakhstan in the south.

Omsk Oblast shares borders with Kazakhstan ( North Kazakhstan Region and Pavlodar Region ) to the south, Tyumen Oblast in the west and Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the east. It is included in the Siberian Federal District .

The territory stretches for 600   km (370   mi) from north to south and 300   km (190   mi) from west to east. The main water artery is the Irtysh River and its tributaries the Ishim , Om , Osha , and Tara Rivers. The region is located in the West Siberian Plain , consisting of mostly flat terrain. In the south is the Ishim Plain , gradually turning into steppe, forest and swampy taiga to the north. The soil is sandy and silty. [10] Along the Irtysh River, in t. N. Irtysh region, there is an "oasis" microclimate, with a wooded landscape and gullies. There, the most fertile land in the region can be found. The Omsk region contains many lakes, the largest of which are Tenis -Saltaim, Ik, Ebeyty , Ulzhay and Tobol-Kushly.

The highest elevation in the Omsk region - about 150   m (490   ft) Upland village, the lowest elevation is the water's edge on the Irtysh - 41 metres (135   ft) , near the village of Little Beach. [ clarification needed ]

The property is located in Omsk region 28 specially protected natural territories of regional destinations. Including parks in Bolshereche and Omsk ("Bird's harbor"). [ clarification needed ]

The oblast has a classic continental climate, with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. Average January temperatures range from −42 to −30   °C (−44 to −22   °F) . Average July temperatures range from 25 to 28   °C (77 to 82   °F) and can reach up to 35   °C (95   °F) and even 40   °C (104   °F) . Annual rainfall averages 300–400   mm (12–16   in) . Sunny days predominate.

The southern plains have notably longer and warmer summers and a delayed onset of freezing temperatures. They are also significantly drier than the northern forests, receiving only 250–300   mm (9.8–11.8   in) precipitation annually. Winters, however, are as severe on the plains as they are further north. Spring rains are rare, but late spring freezes are not. The early part of the summer is frequently dominated by hot, dry southern winds.

As of 1   February   2016 , [ update ] on the territory of the Omsk region, there are 35 areas that have the status of protected areas (PAs), regional and local importance.

Archeological findings indicate that the present day territory of the oblast has been inhabited for the last 14,000 years. Neolithic societies in the area lived by fishing and hunting. About three thousand years ago, pastoralism began to take hold. Ust'-Ishim man , the remains of a man that lived 45,000 years ago, was discovered in Omsk Oblast.

Various Turkic states dominated the area throughout the Medieval era. The most notable of these were the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Siberian Khanate . Siberian Tatars , Mongols , Khanty and Mansi tribes, along with others, inhabited the territory.

The Russian history of Omsk began with the 1584 arrival of a Cossack force under the command of ataman Yermak Timofeyevich , who defeated local rulers and established nominal Russian control of the area. To support further expansion tsars Feodor I and Boris Godunov initiated the construction of fortified settlements and military outposts in the south of Siberia in order to defend their subjects from raiding nomadic tribesmen and to exert authority over local populations, specifically over the tribute-paying Siberian Tatars of The Baraba Lands. The first permanent Russian settlement in the region, the city of Tara , was founded in 1594, soon it began to play an important part in fur trade that connected Russia with Central Asia and China.

In 1716 a fortress was constructed at the confluence of the Om and Irtysh rivers on the orders of sublieutenant Ivan Bugholtz. The fortress would form the nucleus for the development of the future city of Omsk. By the second half of the 18th century, Omsk fortress was the largest building of any kind in the eastern part of Russia.

As Russian settlements continued to spread through the Yenisei , Tobol and Irtysh watersheds in the course of the 18th century, so did the development of the Omsk and the surrounding region. In 1753 a customs post was established to tax goods brought into the city by the ever-increasing trade with Kazakh tribesmen. In 1764, when the Siberian provinces of Russia were organized into two governorates with centers in Irkutsk and Tobolsk , the city of Tara and the fortress of Omsk were assigned to the latter. In 1780, on the orders of Catherine the Great the fortress was transferred to Kolyvan Oblast . By this time Omsk had grown to the size of a small city, however, from 1797 to 1804 it did not possess its own uyezd .

In 1804, the territories surrounding Omsk were organized into the Omsk Okrug . The city rose to prominence when Siberia was once again reorganized in 1822, Omsk became the administrative center of the General Governorate of Eastern Siberia rising above the old center of Siberia, Tobolsk. The new governorate was divided into oblasts around the cities of Omsk, Petropavlovsk, Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogrsk populated by Russian colonists and okrugs populated by Kazakh nomads. In subsequent reforms the name of the Oblast was changed repeatedly to The Oblast of The Siberian Kyrgyz (1854), Akmolinsk Oblast (1868), and Omsk Oblast (1917) before finally reverting to the Omsk Governorate in 1918. The authority of the oblast followed further expansion of the empire to Central Asia and included significant parts of modern-day Kazakhstan .

In the 19th century, Omsk, given its strong system of frontier fortresses, became notorious as a premier destination for political exiles and prisoners from the European part of the Russian Empire. Decembrists , Polish rebels , French prisoners of war and political activists of every stripe found their way to Siberia. Among them was Fyodor Dostoyevsky , who spent four years (1850–1854) at the Omsk prison. [11]

The early nineteenth century also saw the growth of industry in the city and in the rest of the Irtysh basin. The Siberian Cossack Army was headquartered in Omsk after 1808 and contributed to the development of the city, by the beginning of the 20th century the Cossacks were a dominant component in the society of both the city of Omsk and the surrounding lands, having reached a population of 174 thousand and holding title to five million hectares of agricultural land. The 18th and 19th centuries also saw the influx of a significant number of German immigrants both from Russia's Volga Regions and from abroad.

In 1925 the Omsk governorate was dissolved into the newly formed Siberian Krai and again reorganized, this time as an Oblast by order of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 7 December 1934. Parts of the Ob-Irtysh Oblast and the West Siberian Krai as well as the southern part of Chelyabinsk Oblast were given over to Omsk. In 1943, Kurgan Oblast created from the western portion of the Chelyabinsk Oblast also got a number of Omsk territories. In 1944, the northern part of the Omsk Oblast along with the districts previously transferred to Kurgan became newly established Tyumen Oblast that included Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs.

The 1950s saw the creation of the petroleum processing industry, as well as the development of various high-technology facilities that came to define the economy of the Oblast for the remainder of the century.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union the oblast became part of the newly independent Russian Federation. The independence of Kazakhstan gave Omsk an international border to the south, while continued federal policy aiming to rectify the effects of Stalin era population transfers led to the creation of a national German district in an area with a significant, although not a majority, German population around the town of Azovo . On 19 May 1996 Omsk Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. [12] This agreement would be abolished on 21 December 2001. [13]

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Omsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament .

The politics in the oblast is governed by the Charter of Omsk Oblast. The laws within the authority of the oblast are passed by the Legislative Assembly of Omsk Oblast which is the legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Omsk Oblast Administration. It also includes the executive bodies of the subdivisions such as districts, and is responsible for the daily administration. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the head of the oblast and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia .

As of 18 January 2019, the departmental register of registered non-profit organizations of the Office of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation for the Omsk Oblast contains information on 2537 non-profit organizations, including 1332 public associations (national associations - 60, regional branches of political parties - 46, trade unions - 328, children's and youth public associations - 55), 308 religious organizations, 30 Cossack societies, and 20 public associations of Cossacks. For example, in the Omsk Oblast there are regional branches of the political parties United Russia , A Just Russia , the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , and others. [14]

As of 2008 , [ update ] Omsk Oblast is the 23rd largest economy in Russia, with a gross regional product of 10.2 billion dollars.

The economy of Omsk Oblast is heavily industrial, with well developed, and growing, service and financial sectors. Agriculture represents a smaller, but still significant, portion of the economy.

Economic activity is concentrated in Omsk, with over sixty-six thousand private enterprises registered, ranging from small-scale retailers to billion-dollar manufacturing. [15]

Omsk was ranked by Forbes as the 6th-best city in Russia for business in 2008, an improvement over its 20th-place ranking the previous year. [16]

The oblast and city governments have made efforts to improve the business climate and foster small enterprise through various incentives and government programs designed to ease the bureaucratic red-tape, a notorious feature of Russian business life, and to generate cooperation within the business community. [17]

The bulk of industrial output, as of 2009, is concentrated in food and tobacco processing ($900 million), hydrocarbon processing ($6.7 billion), chemical manufacturing ($500 m), plastics manufacturing ($200 m) and the manufacture of electrical components ($280 m). The remainder of the economy is dominated by the retail sector and agriculture.

The largest industrial enterprises include the aerospace manufacturer Polyot , the Omsk Aggregate Plant, the agricultural manufacturer Sibzavod, Omsk Baranov Motorworks, and Omsktransmash , which manufactures the T-80 main battle tank. Additionally, Omsk Rubber, the Technical Hydrocarbon Plant, Omsk-Polymer and Omsk Hydrocarbon Processing Plant, represent the petroleum and hydrocarbon industry. Omsk Hydrocarbon is one of the most important oil refineries in Russia. [18]

The oblast operates four thermal power plants, which makes it largely self-sufficient from the standpoint of energy generation.

Agricultural production is concentrated in the Isil'rul'skii District and produces wheat, barley, flax, sunflower, potato, various fruits and vegetables as well as meat, poultry and dairy products.

The food processing sector includes several breweries, a distillery and numerous food packaging enterprises.

Population : 1,858,798   ( 2021 Census ) ; [19] 1,977,665   ( 2010 Russian census ) ; [9] 2,079,220   ( 2002 Census ) ; [20] 2,140,336   ( 1989 Soviet census ) . [21]

Vital statistics for 2022: [22] [23]

• Births: 16,092 (8.6 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 25,900 (13.8 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [24] 1.52 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [25] Total — 69.02 years (male   — 64.48, female   — 73.45)

According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was: [9]

• 85.8% Russian
• 4.1% Kazakh
• 2.7% Ukrainian
• 2.6% German
• 0.4% Armenian
• 0.3% Belarusians
• other groups of less than five thousand persons each
• 57,518 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [26]

According to Russia's 2002 Census , Omsk Oblast has one of the lowest birth rates in Siberia. However, birth rates remain higher than the average in heavily German districts - Azovsky Nemetsky National District (24% German), Moskalensky, Poltavsky (22% Ukrainian & 11% German) and Isilkulsky (8% German), even as significant emigration to Germany acts to reduce the overall birth rate. [27] In 2009, the lowest death rate was recorded for Azovsky German National Raion (9.4 per 1000) and the highest birth rate was recorded for Moskalenskom (17.0 per 1000), Isilkulskom (15.2), Maryanovsky (15.8), Pavlogradski (15.8), Tevrizskom (16.6), Ust-Ishim (15.4) and Sherbakulskom (16.2). Regions with the highest population growth were Moskalensky area (5.5 ppm), Azovsky German National Raion (4.8 ppm), Sherbakulsky (3.8 ppm) and Pavlogradskij (3.2 ppm). [28]

Ethnic Russian birth rate in the province is significantly lower than that of the ethnic Kazakhs (by 50%) and that of ethnic Germans (by 20%), according to the 2002 Census.

According to a 2012 survey [29] 35.7% of the population of Omsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 2% adheres to Islam , 1% to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), 0.5% to the Catholic Church . In addition, 39% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist , and 5.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. [29]

• John Kornievsky (1910–1984), Russian Greek Catholic priest

• 2007 Siberian orange snow
• List of Chairmen of the Legislative Assembly of Omsk Oblast
• List of rural localities in Omsk Oblast
• Омская область

Related Research Articles

Omsk is the administrative center and largest city of Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is situated in southwestern Siberia and has a population of over 1.1 million. Omsk is the third largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk, and the twelfth-largest city in Russia. It is an important transport node, serving as a train station for the Trans-Siberian Railway and as a staging post for the Irtysh River.

Tyumen Oblast is a federal subject of Russia. It is located in Western Siberia, and is administratively part of the Urals Federal District. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Tyumen Oblast, including its autonomous okrugs, is the third-largest federal subject by area, and has a population of 3,395,755 (2010).

Tara is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tara and Irtysh Rivers at a point where the forested country merges into the steppe, about 300 kilometers (190 mi) north of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 27,318 (2010 Russian census) ; 26,888 (2002 Census) ; 26,152 (1989 Soviet census) .

Isilkul is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located 120 kilometers (75 mi) west of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 24,482 (2010 Russian census) ; 26,549 (2002 Census) ; 26,430 (1989 Soviet census) .

Nazyvayevsk is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located 120 kilometers (75 mi) west of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 11,615.

Kalachinsk is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Om River along the busiest segment of the Trans-Siberian Railway, 100 kilometers (62 mi) east of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 23,556 (2010 Russian census) ; 24,247 (2002 Census) ; 25,014 (1989 Soviet census) .

Tyukalinsk is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located 60 kilometers (37 mi) northeast of the Nazyvayevsk railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway and 120 kilometers (75 mi) northwest of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 11,275 (2010 Russian census) ; 12,007 (2002 Census) ; 12,191 (1989 Soviet census) .

Sherbakulsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast on the border with Kazakhstan. The area of the district is 2,300 square kilometers (890 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Sherbakul. Population: 21,342 ; 25,486 (2002 Census) ; 29,906 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Sherbakul accounts for 32.7% of the district's total population.

Sedelnikovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 5,200 square kilometers (2,000 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Sedelnikovo. Population: 10,943 ; 12,211 (2002 Census) ; 12,890 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Sedelnikovo accounts for 48.6% of the district's total population.

Azovsky Nemetsky National District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,400 square kilometers (540 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Azovo. In the Russian Census of 2010, the population was 22,925. The population of Azovo accounts for 26.2% of the district's total population.

Isilkulsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,800 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Isilkul. Population: 18,942 ; 22,216 (2002 Census) ; 22,691 (1989 Soviet census) .

Maryanovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,700 square kilometers (660 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Maryanovka. Population: 27,595 ; 27,802 (2002 Census) ; 30,173 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Maryanovka accounts for 31.3% of the district's total population.

Omsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Rostovka. Population: 94,086 ; 94,251 (2002 Census) ; 90,461 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Rostovka accounts for 5.8% of the district's total population.

Sargatsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,800 square kilometers (1,500 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Sargatskoye. Population: 20,014 ; 22,320 (2002 Census) ; 23,923 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Sargatskoye accounts for 40.8% of the district's total population.

Tevrizsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 9,800 square kilometers (3,800 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Tevriz. Population: 15,485 ; 18,090 (2002 Census) ; 20,249 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Tevriz accounts for 45.1% of the district's total population.

Ust-Ishimsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 7,846 square kilometers (3,029 sq mi).} Its administrative center is the rural locality of Ust-Ishim, which, as its name indicates, is located at the confluence of the Ishim River with the Irtysh.

Znamensky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,700 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Znamenskoye. Population: 12,427 ; 13,876 (2002 Census) ; 15,046 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Znamenskoye accounts for 42.6% of the district's total population.

Abatsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Abatsky Municipal District . It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,080 square kilometers (1,580 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Abatskoye. Population: 19,837 ; 23,566 (2002 Census) ; 26,453 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Abatskoye accounts for 40.1% of the district's total population.

Azovo is a rural locality and the administrative center of Azovsky Nemetsky National District of Omsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 5,997 (2010 Russian census) ; 5,376 (2002 Census) ;

Ust-Ishim is a rural locality and the administrative center of Ust-Ishimsky District, Omsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,802 (2010 Russian census) ; 5,060 (2002 Census) ; 5,795 (1989 Soviet census) .

• ↑ Президент Российской Федерации.   Указ   №849   от   13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу   13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No.   20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation.   Decree   # 849   of   May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District . Effective as of   May 13, 2000.).
• ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации.   №ОК 024-95   27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2.   Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. ( Gosstandart of the Russian Federation.   # OK 024-95   December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2.   Economic Regions , as amended by the Amendment   # 5/2001 OKER. ).
• ↑ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)" . Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography . Archived from the original on 9 February 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 1 September 2022 .
• ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 23 January 2019 .
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• ↑ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article   68.1 of the Constitution of Russia .
• 1 2 3 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Ишимская степь ; Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 30 vols. — Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (in Russian)
• ↑ "История Омской области" . Omskobl.ru. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• ↑ "Newsline - May 20, 1996 Yeltsin Promises to Maintain Stability, Plays Regional Card" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 20 May 1996 . Retrieved 2 May 2019 .
• ↑ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF) . Demokratizatsiya : 146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
• ↑ "Список общественных объединений, имеющих право участвовать в выборах - Управление Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации по Омской области" [ List of public associations eligible to participate in elections - Office of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation for the Omsk Region ] . to55.minjust.ru . Retrieved 11 March 2019 .
• ↑ Отчёт о работе администрации города Омска в 2005—2009 годах
• ↑ "Журнал "Forbes" - 30 лучших городов для бизнеса — 2010" (in Russian). 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 .
• ↑ Галина Балашенко «Заниматься бизнесом станет проще» // «Домашняя газета» № 22 (065), 9 июня 2010 года
• ↑ Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas Volume 2: Strategic Investment and Business Information ISBN   978-1-577-51030-7 p. 131
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
• ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [ All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers ] . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly .
• ↑ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [ Total fertility rate ] . Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Демографический ежегодник России" [ The Demographic Yearbook of Russia ] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) . Retrieved 1 June 2022 .
• ↑ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше" . Perepis-2010.ru. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• ↑ "Демография Омской области" . Demograf.omskmintrud.ru. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• ↑ "Демография Омской области" . Demograf.omskmintrud.ru. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• 1 2 3 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" . Sreda, 2012.
• ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps . "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2017. Archived .
• ↑ Hungary Russia sister city relationships