explains
indicates
notes
describes
Most of us have favourite verbs that we default to almost unconsciously when we are writing—reports, argues, describes, studies, explains, asserts—but these verbs are not interchangeable. They each inscribe a slightly different stance towards the knowledge—not only the writer’s stance, but also the stance of the researcher who created the knowledge. It is critical to get the original stance right in your critical summary. Nothing irritates me more than seeing my stance mispresented in someone else’s literature review. For example, if I wrote a paragraph offering tentative reflections on a new idea, I don’t want to see that summarized in someone’s literature review as ‘Lingard argues’, when more accurate would be ‘Lingard suggests’ or ‘Lingard explored’.
Writers need to extend their library of citation verbs to allow themselves to accurately and persuasively position knowledge claims published by authors in their field. You can find many online resources to help extend your vocabulary: Tab. 2 , adapted from one such online source [ 4 ], provides some suggestions. Tables like these should be thought of as tools, not rules—keep in mind that words have flexible meanings depending on context and purpose. This is why one word, such as suggest or conclude , can appear in more than one list.
Verbs to represent the nature and strength of an author’s contributions to the literature
Verbs to report what an author DID | Verbs to report what an author SAID | Verbs to report an author’s OPINION | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
analyse, assess, , discover, describe, demonstrate, examine, explore, establish, find, identify, inquire, prove, observe, study, show | Weaker | Stronger | Weaker | Stronger |
comment, describe, note, remark, add, offer, | affirm, emphasize, stress, maintain, stipulate, explain, , identify, insist | accept, believe, consider, think, , suspect, speculate | argue, assert, claim, contend, deny, recommend, reject, advocate, maintain |
Knowledge is a social construction and it accumulates as researchers debate, extend and refine one another’s contributions. To avoid your literature review reading like a laundry list of disconnected ‘facts’, reporting verbs are an important resource. Tab. 3 offers a selection of verbs organized to reflect different relationships among authors in the field of knowledge being reviewed.
Verbs to express relations among authors in the field
Depicting similar positions | Depicting contrasting positions | Depicting relating/responding positions |
---|---|---|
Taylor Jackson’s claim that … | Taylor Jackson’s claim that … | Taylor to Jackson’s claim that … |
affirms, agrees, confirms, concurs, aligns, shares, echoes, supports, verifies, concedes, accepts | argues, disagrees, questions, dismisses, refuses, rejects, challenges contradicts, criticizes, opposes, counters, disputes | extends, elaborates, refines, builds on, reconsiders, draws upon, advances, repositions, addresses |
Finally, although we have focused on citation verbs in this article, adverbs (e. g., similarly, consequently) and prepositional phrases (e. g., by contrast, in addition) are also important for expressing similar, contrasting or responding relations among knowledge claims and their authors in the field being reviewed.
In summary, an effective literature review not only summarizes existing knowledge, it also critically presents that knowledge to depict an evolving conversation and understanding in a particular domain of study. As writers we need to know when we are summarizing and when we are critically summarizing—summary alone makes for a literature review that reads like a laundry list of undigested ‘facts-in-the-world’. Finally, writers need to attend to the subtle power of citation verbs to position themselves and the authors they are citing in relation to the knowledge being reviewed. Broadening our catalogue of ‘go-to’ verbs is an important step in enlivening and strengthening our writing.
Thanks to Mark Goldszmidt for his feedback on an early version of this manuscript.
PhD, is director of the Centre for Education Research & Innovation at Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, and professor for the Department of Medicine at Western University in London, Ontario, Canada.
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Synthesize your findings. Your findings are your evaluation of the literature reviewed: what you consider the strengths and weakness of the studies reviewed; the comparison you did between studies; research trends and gaps in the research that you found while researching your topic, etc...
Across the articles that you read, pay attention to what are the:
The majority of these sites focus on literature reviews in the social sciences unless otherwise noted. For systematic literature reviews, we recommend you to contact directly your subject librarian for help.
Writing a scientific paper.
Guides from other schools, citation styles & writing guides, "literature cited checklist" from: how to write a good scientific paper. chris a. mack. spie. 2018..
This is the last section of the paper. Here you should provide an alphabetical listing of all the published work you cited in the text of the paper. This does not mean every article you found in your research; only include the works you actually cited in the text of your paper. A standard format is used both to cite literature in the text and to list these studies in the Literature Cited section. Hypothetical examples of the format used in the journal Ecology are below: Djorjevic, M., D.W. Gabriel and B.G. Rolfe. 1987. Rhizobium: Refined parasite of legumes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 25: 145-168. Jones, I. J. and B. J. Green. 1963. Inhibitory agents in walnut trees. Plant Physiology 70:101-152. MacArthur, R.H. and E.O. Wilson. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Smith, E. A. 1949. Allelopathy in walnuts. American Journal of Botany 35:1066-1071. Here is a dissection of the first entry, in the format for Ecology : Firstauthor, M., D.W. Secondauthor and B.G. Thirdauthor. Year. Article title with only the first letter capitalized. Journal Article Title with Important Words in Caps volume#(issue# if there is one): firstpage-lastpage. Notice some of the following details: - the list is alphabetized; - no first or middle names are listed (the author's first and middle initials are used instead); - only the first word in the title of the journal article (except for proper nouns) is capitalized; - different journals use different styles for Literature Cited sections. You should pay careful attention to details of formatting when you write your own Literature Cited section. For papers published in journals you must provide the date, title, journal name, volume number, and page numbers. For books you need the publication date, title, publisher, and place of publication.
biased citations (references added or omitted for reasons other than meeting the above goals of citations); excessive self-cites (citations to one’s own work).
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Step 4: Write. Be selective. Highlight only the most important and relevant points from a source in your review. Use quotes sparingly. Short quotes can help to emphasize a point, but thorough analysis of language from each source is generally unnecessary in a literature review. Synthesize your sources.
"a narrative summary and evaluation of the findings or theories within a literature base. Also known as 'narrative literature review'. Key takeaways from the Psi Chi webinar So You Need to Write a Literature Review via APA Style.org
Example literature review #4: ... Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other ... If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the "Cite this Scribbr ...
Writing a Literature Review. A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and ...
Figure 4.1: Literature reviews and references. Your may have done a literature survey as part of your proposal. This will be incorporated into your dissertation, not left as separate stand-alone. Most economics papers include a literature review section, which may be a separate section, or incorporated into the paper's introduction.
Literature Reviews: A Recap ; Peer-Review ; Reading the Literature ; 1. Identify the question. Developing Research Questions ; 2. Review discipline styles; 3. Search the literature. Super Searching ; Finding the Full Text ; Citation Searching ; Evaluating online information ; When to stop searching ; 4. Manage your references. How to cite your ...
A literature review provides a thorough background of the topic by giving your reader a guided overview of major findings and current gaps in what is known so far about the topic. The literature review is not a list (like an annotated bibliography) -- it is a narrative helping your reader understand the topic and where you will "stand" in the ...
Library Print Resources. Ask a library employee for help in locating these print books. MLA Handbook (9th ed.) by The Modern Language Association of America. Call Number: LB2369 .M52 2021 (Click title to see locations) ISBN: 9781603293518. Publication Date: 2021. MLA Handbook (8th ed.) by The Modern Language Association of America.
Step 2: Identify the literature. Start by searching broadly. Literature for your review will typically be acquired through scholarly books, journal articles, and/or dissertations. Develop an understanding of what is out there, what terms are accurate and helpful, etc., and keep track of all of it with citation management tools.
The following resources give tips on how to prepare a review of the literature -- an important step in a research project because it helps clarify what's already known about a topic. For additional help, please contact us. Literature Reviews. Descriptive overview of the process of writing a literature review. A light, breezy style makes it easy ...
When searching the literature for pertinent papers and reviews, the usual rules apply: be thorough, use different keywords and database sources (e.g., DBLP, Google Scholar, ISI Proceedings, JSTOR Search, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), and. look at who has cited past relevant papers and book chapters.
A citation is a reference to a source used in your research. It is how you give credit to the author for their creative and intellectual works that you referenced as support for your research. Generally, citations should include author's name, date, publisher information, journal information and/or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
Organizing Your Literature Review. An APA style paper is organized in the author-date style. This means you cite the author's name and year of publication within the text with an in-text citation. You also include the page number, if appropriate. You then include the full information of that source in a reference list at the end of your paper.
To quote a source, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks. To paraphrase a source, put the text into your own words. It's important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don't want to do this manually.
ISBN: 9781433832161. Publication Date: 2019-10-01. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. This book is in PRINT only. However, students may request book pages using InterLibrary Loan. APA Citation Style 7th edition Quick Reference. APA Citation Style 7th Ed.
A literature review may be a stand alone work or the introduction to a larger research paper, depending on the assignment. ... Use a citation manager, such as EndNote as the repository for your citations. See the EndNote tutorials for help. Review the literature. Some questions to help you analyze the research:
Citation Style Guides. Here is a list of some of the main citation style guides that will help you in the management of the source material for your literature review. The Chicago Manual of Style by University of Chicago Staff (Editor) Call Number: Z 253 .U69 2010. ISBN: 9780226104201.
It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant."
A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories.A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that ...
Seen this way, citation is a sophisticated task, requiring in-depth knowledge of the literature in a domain. Citation is more than just referencing; it is how we represent the social construction of knowledge in a field. A citation strategy is any indication in the text about the source and nature of knowledge.
Write and Cite. This guide offers information on writing resources, citation style guides, and academic writing expectations and best practices, as well as information on resources related to copyright, fair use, permissions, and open access. This page is not currently available due to visibility settings. Last Updated: Sep 5, 2024 7:21 PM.
Note: In all cases, do not forget to give credit to these sources since they are not your original ideas but someone else.Check the specific citation style you are using for the appropriate in-text citation format). Visit the Citation Styles Guide to learn more about how to cite your bibliography using your research field's citation style!
Literature Cited Section. This is the last section of the paper. Here you should provide an alphabetical listing of all the published work you cited in the text of the paper. This does not mean every article you found in your research; only include the works you actually cited in the text of your paper. A standard format is used both to cite ...
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The Broadblue 346 is an ideal catamaran for families and couples, this model is small enough to make a passage through the French canals, but robust enough to carry a Category A (Ocean) status, all with 2m headroom throughout the boat. The key to the easy handling is the innovative "sail station" concept, bringing all of the working sheets ...
A Broadblue 346 is the ideal catamaran for families and couples, this model is small enough to make a passage through the French canals, but robust enough to carry a Category A (Ocean) status, all with 2m headroom throughout the boat. A beautifully crafted catamaran, whose predecessors have sailed all over the World. ...
Well, the new Broadblue 346 is an evolution of, and is replacing, the Broadblue 345. Keeping the same hulls as her predecessor, the deck and interior are new. The hull, deck, engines and interior joinery are completed at Broadblue's factory in Poland, and the boats are then motored to the UK (already a good shakedown, not least for the engine ...
The Broadblue 346 is an ideal catamaran for families and couples, this model is small enough to make a passage through the French canals, but robust enough to carry a Category A (Ocean) status, all with 2m headroom throughout the boat.The key to the easy handling is the innovation "sail station" concept, bringing all of the working sheets ...
Perhaps this explains Broadblue's decision to revamp its successful 345, which has been given a makeover and is now the all-new 346. The 345 was launched all the way back in 2008 and was designed by Plymouth based multihull specialist Dazcats and was initially known as the Voyager 10 before she was acquired by Broadblue and rebranded the ...
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This sound and well-equipped fresh Broadblue 346 catamaran offers a wide range of sailing abilities. This well performing Darren Newton (Dazcat) design, is A-classified for Ocean passages as well as to conquer inner coastal waterways and even to passage through the French canals to the Mediterranean. The genius interior-design offers full 2 m ...
The Broadblue 346 is small enough to make a passage through the French canals to the Mediterranean, but robust enough to carry a Category A RCD certificate, all with 2m headroom throughout the boat. This catamaran is easily handled for families and those who prefer to be just passengers.
No, the Broadblue 346 is not attractive or even elegant. But the catamaran from England is all the more convincing in its fight against a common verdict these days: cruising catamarans under twelve metres in length don't work. The Broadblue proves that even a ten-metre cat can work well: A raised cockpit creates space in the cabins; a rig ...
The Broadblue 346 is small enough to make a passage through the French canals to the Mediterranean, but robust enough for long distance cruising. There's 2m headroom throughout the boat. This catamaran is easily handled for families and those who prefer to be just passengers. It sails very well as a result of the Dazcat design heritage, and has ...
Well, the new Broadblue 346 is an evolution of, and is replacing, the Broadblue 345. Keeping the same hulls as her predecessor, the deck and interior are new. The hull, deck, en- ... forefront of cruising catamaran production, but decades later this accolade has long since gone to the French, South Africans, Australians and others. So when a ...
Theo Stoker takes a tour of this cool little cruiser at the South Coast Boat Show in Southampton. A rare new-build catamaran under 35ft----Subscribe to Yacht...
Broadblue ⁄ / 346; Broadblue Catamaran 346 boats for sale. Save Search. Clear Filter Make / Model: Broadblue - 346 Class: Sail - Catamaran. Location. By Radius. By Country. country-all. All Countries. Country-DE. Germany. Country-PT. Portugal. All. All 25 miles 50 miles 100 miles 200 miles 300 miles 500 miles 1000 miles 2000 miles 5000 miles.
Detailed below are a number of videos featuring information general information on Broadblue Catamarans, tests and reviews of our model range together with 3rd party videos which show the boats doing what they are designed to do - sailing in all weathers! All Videos. Broadblue 346. Broadblue 385. Broadblue Rapier 400.
Broadblue Catamarans 346 Sailboat / sailing catamaran: Broadblue Catamarans, used boat, GRP/polyester Length x beam: 10.20 m x 4.85 m, 10.20 x 4.85 m built: 2020, cabins: 3 Engine: Beta Marine, 2 x 20 hp (15 kW), diesel € 295,000 Location: Germany 2020 Company: cat-sale Klaus Tietze
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Broadblue have been building catamarans for over ten years now, their most prolific model being the 385, close to 40 feet - the starting size for many shipyards. But what about this smaller catamaran? The new Broadblue 346 is an evolution of, and is replacing, the Broadblue 345. Keeping the same hulls as her predecessor, the deck and interior ...
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